2000; Diehl 2003). For example, the herbivore feeding guild was taxonomically

most diverse (42 taxa), but the place of herbivore taxa in the experimental water and nutrient environments were not identical (Fig. 3b) In other words, the species clearly do not occupy exactly the same host type. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that (1) the taxonomical diversity and complexity of an invertebrate community can be very high even in relatively simple plant communities, and (2) the diversity is commensurate with primary production and environmental factors that interact with plant origin rather than endophyte infections. Furthermore, invertebrate community, particularly the most diverse feeding guild, herbivores, JQ1 order showed strong differentiation along the examined water and nutrient gradients. This may drive the community structure of invertebrate herbivores in a patchy environment. The lack of increased or decreased

herbivore resistance might be partly explained by the fact that alkaloids in native European tall fescue are not of the type or level that reduce (Afkhami and Rudgers 2009) or promote (Faeth and Shochat 2010; Jani find more et al. 2010) plant feeding invertebrates. However, such differences in alkaloid profiles and other plant characteristics due to differences among plant or endophyte genotypes fails to explain the lack of taxon, feeding guild and community level responses with the cultivar K-31. We propose that empirical whole-community selleckchem approaches are required to understand the importance of endophytes and other mechanisms driving plant populations and invertebrate communities feeding on them. Accumulating evidence from endophyte mediated interactions has revealed that endophytes can negatively affect plant feeding herbivores (Saikkonen et al. 2010). However, the accumulating evidence

also indicates that diversity in results and interpretations of the general importance of endophytes in grassland communities increases as new model systems appear. Current literature appears to be strongly biased by two model species, tall fescue and perennial ryegrass and their few cultivars such as K-31, in introduced and agronomic environments, and this has distracted the literature (Saikkonen et al. 2006, 2010). By using wild tall fescues in their native continent, we were able to show that environmental conditions and host plant origin override endophyte effects on invertebrate diversity, community structure, and feeding guilds. Acknowledgements This study was funded by the Academy of Finland (Project no. 110658). Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.