44 × 106 (±0.045 × 106) spores/mm2, whereas ΔtppA yielded an average of 4.40 × 103 (±0.69 × 103) spores/mm2, i.e. a 6 × 102-fold reduction. Microscopic studies learn more revealed that the conidiophores of ΔtppA had a clearly different appearance as is shown in Figure 4C and D. Most notably, vesicle swelling was almost completely absent and metulae were irregularly positioned (Figure 4C,D and Figure 5). However, the conidia produced showed similar size

and ornamentation to wild-type (Figure 5C,F). In contrast to what has been reported in the corresponding mutant of A. fumigatus[22], it was not possible to restore wild-type morphology by growing ΔtppA on media containing an osmotic stabilizer, i.e. the described phenotype persisted in all growth conditions. Figure 4 Morphologies of cultures grown for 1 week on AMM. Wild-type, left (A and C), and find more ΔtppA right (B and D). Size bars of SEM photos are 100 μm. Figure 5 Detailed morphologies of cultures grown for

1 week on AMM. Wild-type, top (A, B and C), and ΔtppA bottom (D, E and F). Size bars: A = 20 μm, B = 10 μm, C = 10 μm, D = 10 μm, E = 10 μm, F = 5 μm. Quantification of trehalose-6-phosphate and trehalose in wild-type and mutants All three Tpp genes putatively encode the enzyme trehalose-6-phosphate-phosphatase. To investigate if this enzyme was absent in the Tpp deletion Anlotinib cell line strains, the amount of trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) in mycelia from wild-type, ΔtppA, ΔtppB and ΔtppC

were analyzed. There were no significant differences in T6P levels between wild-type, ΔtppB or ΔtppC. In ΔtppA, however, T6P was clearly accumulated; the mycelium from this strain contained an average of 124 nmol T6P per gram dry weight compared to 18 nmol in the wild-type (Figure 6). Figure 6 Content of T6P in mycelium dry weight of wild-type and Tpp deletion mutants. Error bars show standard error of the mean. In ΔtppA, the level of T6P was significantly higher compared to all other strains (one-way Thymidine kinase ANOVA, P < 0.05) To elucidate how specific gene products influence the trehalose content of A. niger conidia in different stages of maturation, conidia were harvested from control and mutant strains after 5, 14, 28 and 90 days. In these and the following stress experiments, in addition to the wild-type N402 strain, we also included a kusA deficient strain with a repaired pyrG gene, pyrG + [28] as a control with identical genetic background as the tps and tpp deletion mutants. The dormant conidia were extracted and the trehalose levels analyzed and expressed as percentage of conidial dry weight (Figure 7). For ΔtppA it was not possible to analyze the trehalose content of 5 day conidia, as insufficient conidia were produced. For the other strains, a significant increase in trehalose was detected between the two first time points tested, 5 and 14 days.