(C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Certain plus-strand RNA plant viruses that are

uncapped and nonpolyadenylated rely on RNA elements in their 3′ untranslated region, termed 3′-cap-independent translational enhancers (3′CITEs), for efficient translation of their proteins. Here, we have investigated the properties of the Y-shaped class of 3′CITE present in the tombusvirus Carnation Italian ringspot virus (CIRV). While some types of 3′CITE have been found to function through recruitment of translation initiation factors to the viral genome, no trans-acting translation-related factors have yet been identified for the Y-shaped 3′CITE. Our results indicate that the CIRV 3′CITE complexes with eIF4F and eIFiso4F, with the former mediating translation more efficiently than the latter. this website In nature, some classes of 3′CITE are present in several different viral genera, suggesting that these elements hold a high degree of modularity. Here, we test this concept by engineering chimeric viruses containing heterologous 3′CITEs and show that the Y-shaped class of 3′CITE in CIRV can be replaced by two alternative types of 3′CITE, i.e., a Panicum mosaic Apoptosis inhibitor virus-like 3′CITE or an I-shaped 3′CITE, without any major loss in in vitro translation or replication efficiency in protoplasts. The heterologous 3′CITEs also mediated whole-plant

infections of Nicotiana benthamiana, where distinct symptoms were observed for each of the alternative 3′CITEs and 3′CITE evolution occurred during serial passaging. Our results supply new information on Y-shaped 3′CITE function and provide insights into 3′CITE virus-host compatibilities.”
“Recent research has distinguished between anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. In the LCL161 solubility dmso current study, we examined the psychometric properties of the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) to determine whether reliability

and validity findings reported in previous research replicate in an additional sample of schizophrenia patients. Participants included 86 individuals with schizophrenia and 59 demographically matched healthy controls. Inconsistent with previous research, patients differed from controls in their reports of consummatory (TEPS-CON), but not anticipatory (TEPS-ANT) pleasure. We also failed to replicate some important correlational findings reported in previous research indicating relationships between the TEPS-ANT subscale and external validators. Analyses of the stability of the TEPS subscales were conducted in a sub-group of patients (n = 19), and indicated excellent stability for the TEPS-CON (ICC (intraclass correlation coefficient) = 0.93), but somewhat lower stability for the TEPS-ANT subscale (ICC = 0.74). These findings suggest that additional studies are needed using the TEPS, as well as other measures, to determine the nature of anhedonia in individuals with schizophrenia. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.