In 2001, Hoch et al. found autoantibodies against muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) in a proportion of patients with generalized MG (5). MuSK is Sotrastaurin solubility dmso essential

during the development of NMJ, when it organizes fetal AChR clustering at the postsynaptic membrane. Subsequently, in mature NMJ, MuSK is expressed predominantly at the postsynaptic membrane. Studies by Vincent and others showed that the frequency of MuSK antibodies in “seronegative MG patients”, i.e., those who lack autoantibodies Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to AChR, varied from 4 to 50% (4–8). Ohta et al. detected MuSK antibodies in about 30% of seronegative MG patients but not in any MG patients with AChR antibodies (seropositive MG) or other autoimmune diseases (9–11). The clinical features of MG with MuSK antibodies are distinctive. These individuals often suffer from a severe bulbar dysfunction that is difficult to resolve with immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory treatments, and muscular atrophy of facial and tongue muscles is common (1, 2). The response to AChE inhibitors is generally unsatisfactory Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with risk of worsening symptoms, especially when starting treatment in patients with bulbar symptoms or an impending respiratory crisis. Thymectomy does not alleviate the symptoms of MuSK-positive MG. In short-term Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical therapy, patients with MuSK MG respond as well to plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin as those with AChR seropositive

MG. Even so, those patients whose neck and shoulder muscles are affected often experience respiratory weakness. MG in which weakness is limited to the ocular muscle

is not frequent but does occur. Some workers in this field are now coming to believe that MuSK MG must constitute a distinct subclass of the disease (4, 6, 7). The Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical reason is that many patients with MuSK antibodies develop severe muscle weakness and eventual atrophy, which is rare in AChR seropositive MG, and the former respond differently to therapy than persons in the latter group. After the identification of MuSK antibodies in an MG patient, laboratory Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical testing is now required to confirm the diagnosis of MG, to seek AChR antibodies and to formulate the clinical treatment. MuSK others functions in NMJ MuSK plays multiple roles in clustering AChR during development of the postsynaptic membranes of NMJ (12, 13). Contact of the motor-nerve growth cone with the muscle induces a narrow, distinct endplate zone in the mid-muscle that is marked by a high density of AChR clustering. In this step, agrin released from motoneurons activates MuSK and redistributes AChR clusters to synaptic sites (12). However, the direct physical interaction between MuSK and agrin has so far not been demonstrated despite many attempts to do so (13). Thus, the mechanism(s) of MuSK activation and the following events remain obscure, although a co-receptor of MuSK, a co-ligand of agrin or alternative post-translational modification of either agrin or MuSK have been postulated (13).