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“Background Although our understanding of their role in cancer is limited, the expression of a variety of ribosomal proteins has been associated with the development of prostate and colon cancer. For Sapanisertib example, we have previously reported that RPS2, a 33 Kda ribosomal protein was over expressed in malignant prostate cancer cell lines and in archived tumor specimens [1]. Vaarala et al. [2] found that L7a and L37 ribosomal proteins were over-expressed in prostate-cancer cell lines and in prostate cancer tissue samples. GNA12 Furthermore, L23a- and S14-transcript levels were significantly elevated in PC-3 cells as compared to a normal prostate epithelial cell line termed PrEC [2]. Utilizing

‘micro-quantity differential display’, Bee et al. [3] found L19 (RPL19) was 5-fold higher in malignant prostate cell lines and 8-fold higher in malignant tissues, when compared with their benign counterparts of human prostate [3]. The authors suggested that expression of RPL19 protein could be a valuable marker in prostate cancer diagnosis and patient management. Similarly, Pogue-Geile et al. [4] found that the RPS3, RPS6, RPS8, RPS12, RPL5, and PO ribosomal proteins were expressed at higher levels in 8 different colon adenocarcinomas and adenomatous polyps. These results suggest that a select pool of ribosomal proteins might be elevated in prostate and colon cancer during the transformation process and play a key role in tumorigenesis.