lugdunensis implicated buy Enzalutamide in cell separation, in stress-induced autolysis and in bacterial pathogenesis. “
“We determined the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the compactin-producing fungus Penicillium solitum strain 20-01. The 28 601-base pair circular-mapping DNA molecule encodes a characteristic set of mitochondrial proteins and RNA genes and is intron-free. All 46 protein- and RNA-encoding genes are located on one strand and apparently transcribed in one direction. Comparative analysis of this mtDNA and previously sequenced but unannotated mitochondrial genomes of several medically and industrially

important species of the Aspergillus/Penicillium group revealed their extensive similarity in terms of size, gene content and sequence, which is also reflected in the almost perfect conservation

of mitochondrial gene order in Penicillium and Aspergillus. Phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated mitochondrial protein sequences confirmed the monophyletic origin of Eurotiomycetes. Fungal mitochondrial genomics is a rapidly evolving field initiated to a large extent by the efforts of organelle genome sequencing programs (Korab-Laskowska et al., 1998; O’Brien et al.,1998 ) and fungal mitochondrial genome project (Paquin et al., 1997). More than 80 fungal mitogenomes have been sequenced and analysed up to now, providing invaluable information on mitochondrial genome organization, evolution, replication and expression, while phylogenetic and taxonomic Erismodegib order studies have also been conducted in all major fungal lineages (Paquin & Lang, 1996; Kouvelis et al., 2004; Bullerwell & Lang, 2005; Nosek et al., 2006; Juhasz et al., 2008; Lee & Young, 2009; Wu et al., 2009). The standard approach for mitochondrial genome sequencing involves isolation of mitochondria, library construction and sequencing of individual clones, and gap closure using PCR. This others labour-intensive

approach is surpassed by next-generation sequencing technologies, such as pyrosequencing (Margulies et al., 2005). The vast amount of sequencing data generated by these platforms is usually sufficient to provide several-fold coverage of 10–30-MB size fungal nuclear genomes and simultaneously sequence mitochondrial genomes as ‘by-products’ of whole genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing approach. Because of their high copy number and topological independence, mitochondrial (mt) genomes are readily assembled as separate contigs, covered by multiple sequence reads. This strategy has been successfully applied to sequence Glomus mitochondrial genomes (Lee & Young, 2009), Pichia farinosa mt genome (Jung et al., 2010) and, by us, mitochondrial genomes of the diatom algae Synedra acus (Ravin et al., 2010) and the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha (Eldarov et al., 2011). WGS does not provide information on mtDNA topology in vivo (circular versus linear) or the presence of alternative mtDNA isoforms (Williamson, 2002; Valach et al.