A review article by Li et al. [51] postulated a possible relationship between H. pylori infection and nonalcoholic

fatty liver disease (NAFLD). On this subject, Jamali et al. [52] investigated the possible role of H. pylori infection on the occurrence and progression of NAFLD; however, the results were negative. On the other hand, Sathar et al. [53] reported a significant association between H. pylori infection and portal hypertensive gastropathy Raf phosphorylation in cirrhotic patients. Interestingly, the administration of the eradicating treatment in H. pylori-positive cirrhotic patients caused a significant improvement in hepatic encephalopathy, even though the results on this topic are not conclusive due to differences among different studies concerning the design and methodology [54]. Nevertheless, Jiang et al. [55] have shown that cirrhotic patients with H. pylori infection have higher blood ammonia levels compared to noninfected subjects. Sakr et al. [56] reported a higher occurrence of cirrhotic nodules and liver fibrosis in patients coinfected with H. pylori and HCV. Interestingly,

H. pylori DNA was identified in liver tissue from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [57]. Concerning this issue, Wang et al. [58] reported a significant association between H. pylori infection and Depsipeptide an increased risk of death from liver cancer among rural Chinese residents. Nevertheless, García et al. [59] reported a negative association between H. pylori and HCC in a transgenic mouse model of HCV, leaving this topic open to further evaluation. Some studies also investigated the possible role of H. pylori in biliary tract diseases. Boonyanugomol et al. [60] demonstrated that the cag pathogenicity island (PAI) is able to promote H. pylori internalization in cholangiocarcinoma cells (CCA) with significantly reduced levels of NF-κB activation and IL-8 production by the same cells, thus opening the road for a possible role of H. pylori in some biliary tract diseases. Concerning cholangiocarcinoma, a positive association with some defined conditions, including diabetes,

IBD, and peptic ulcer caused by H. pylori, is a well-known Adenosine risk factor [61]. On this subject, Xiao et al. [62] performed a meta-analysis showing a positive association between Helicobacter species and cholangiocarcinoma. A recent study showed that the activity of H. pylori-related gastritis is associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk [63]. Chen et al. [64], in a meta-analysis demonstrated that H. pylori infection indeed increases the risk of colorectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.30–1.72). Hsu et al. [65] reported a significant association between H. pylori infection and both CRC and gastric cancer risk. Similarly, Nam et al. [66] demonstrated that patients with CRC have a significantly higher H.