3 to 35.3. Cytokine gene expression was further assayed using the GEArrayTM Q series Mouse Common Cytokines Gene Array from SABiosciences (Frederick, MD). Three DBA/2 and three C57BL/6 mice were infected i.n. with C. immitis RS strain and the lungs harvested, as described above, 15 days after infection. RNA was extracted from each mouse as previously described and pooled within strains. RNA was used to generate cDNA probes that were then hybridized to GEArrayTM Q series platform and detected by chemiluminescence. Gene expression levels were normalized to the housekeeping Vorinostat datasheet gene GAPDH. The limit of detection of this platform was taken as twice the expression

level of the blank negative control [69], and any gene whose expression was below this limit was subsequently set to this limit in order to avoid spurious fold change calculations. click here Fold changes were again calculated by dividing gene expression levels in DBA/2 mice by expression levels in C57BL/6 mice for each cytokine. Pathway, gene ontology, and protein network analysis Genes were selected for GO and pathway analysis if they were modulated greater than two-fold

(log2 fold change ≥ 1 or ≤ -1) between DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice at any time point. Pathway analysis was performed using DAVID [15] with the background defined as all of the probes on the Affymetrix MGU74Av2 GeneChip. A hypergeometric test was used to identify those pathways from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database that were considered significantly over-represented in the list of differentially expressed genes [70]. Only those pathways with an FDR corrected p-value of <0.05 using the Benjamini and Hochberg (BH) method were considered significant [71]. GO analysis was performed using the BiNGO tool [16], which is available as a plug in to Cytoscape [72]. BiNGO was used to retrieve the GO annotation and preserved the hierarchical relationship of GO terms for genes differentially expressed between mouse strains. A hypergeometric test was used to identify

those GO terms that were significantly over-represented in the set of differentially expressed genes compared to a background of the entire Affymetrix MGU74Av2 GeneChip. Similar to Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase pathway analysis, the FDR associated with multiple testing was corrected using the BH method [71]. Protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions made between the protein products of the genes that were differentially expressed between mouse strains greater than two-fold (log2 fold change ≥ 1 or ≤ -1) at day 14 (N = 416) were determined using the direct interactions algorithm in MetaCore (GeneGo, St. Joseph, MI). The interactions documented in MetaCore have been manually curated and are supported by citations in the literature PI3K inhibitor record. When the proteins encoded by genes form well-connected clusters it is quite likely that they share a common functional response.