The stimulus

triples were divided into six conditions depending on the emotion (neutral and negative) and the extension product category in stimulus 3: beverage, clothing, and the household appliance. A negative component reflecting conflict, N2, was recorded for MK-4827 cost each condition on the subjects’ scalp. The induced negative emotion elicited significantly larger amplitude of N2 than did the induced neutral emotion in the moderate extension type (extending to the clothing product), whereas no significant difference was observed in any of the other two extension types. The findings indicate that the induced negative emotion has a specific negative impact on moderate brand extension, and the amplitude of N2 can be viewed as a reference measure reflecting such effect. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intraperitoneal (IP) administration of saredutant (SR48968), an NK2 receptor antagonist, produces anxiolytic-like effects in rodents in a number of animal models of anxiety. NK2 binding sites are present in several limbic structures in rats, including the hippocampus, thalamus, septum

and prefrontal cortex, suggesting involvement in the modulation of emotional processes. The current study investigated the behavioral effects of saredutant infused THZ1 mouse into the ventral hippocampus (VH), a structure associated with cognitive and emotional processes, to clarify the neural substrate underlying the anxiolytic-like effect of the compound. Saredutant (10, 100 or 500 pmol/0.2 mu L) was injected bilaterally into the VH of male CD-1 mice tested in the elevated plus-maze and mouse defense test battery (MDTB). Results from the EPM showed that microinjections

of 10pmol/0.2 mu L of saredutant increased entries and time spent in the open arms and enhanced end-arm exploration. In the MDTB, saredutant (500 pmol/0.2 mu L) decreased vocalizations and increased escape attempts in mice confronted with a rat. Taken together, these results suggest that hippocampal tachykinin mechanisms are involved in the modulation of anxiety and defensive behaviors. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This study explored effects of perceptual load on stimulus processing in the presence and absence of an attended stimulus. Participants were presented with a bilateral or unilateral display and asked to perform found a discrimination task at either low or high perceptual load. Electrophysiological responses to stimuli were then compared at the P100 and N100. As in previous studies, perceptual load modified processing of attended and unattended stimuli seen at occipital scalp sites. Moreover, perceptual load modulated attention effects when the attended stimulus was presented at high perceptual load for unilateral displays. However, this was not true when the attended and unattended stimulus appeared simultaneously in bilateral displays. Instead, only a main effect of perceptual load was found.