17a).

Peridium 55–85 μm thick, peridium outside of the substrate comprising two cell types, outer layer composed of brown thick-walled cells of textura epidermoidea, cells 1–3 μm diam., inner layer composed of small hyaline cells, cells 3–5 μm diam., merging into pseudoparaphyses; peridium inside the substrate one layer, composed of large pale brown cells of textura angularis, cells 6–13 μm diam. (Fig. 17c). Hamathecium of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 1–2 μm broad, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing between and above the asci. Asci 90–120(−148) × 10–14 μm, find more 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate to clavate, biseriate above and uniseriate below, pedicel Akt inhibitor 15–20(−53) μm long, the immature asci usually with longer and furcate pedicel (−68 μm) (Fig. 17d,e and f). Ascospores 29–34(−38) × 5.5–8(−10) μm, fusoid with narrow ends, mostly straight, sometimes slightly curved, smooth, pale brown, 1-septate, becoming 3-septate after discharge, with hyaline appendages at each acute to subacute end; in some mature spores the appendage may be absent (Fig. 17b). Anamorph: Pyrenochaeta sp. (Barr 1984; Samuels and Müller 1978). Pycnidia 70–500 μm diam. Conidiogenous cells phialidic,

lining cavity, 5–8 × 4–6 μm to 5–10 × 3–6 μm. Conidia 2.5–3.5(−4) × 1.5–2(−3) μm, hyaline, ellipsoid or subglobose (Barr 1984). Material examined: ERIE, Dublin, Glasnevin Botanic Garden, on old rope, Jun. 1872, W. Keit (K(M):108784, holotype, as Sphaeria keitii Berk. & Broome). Notes Morphology Byssosphaeria was introduced

by Cooke and Plowright (1879) based on its superficial ascomata seated on a “tomentose subiculum of interwoven threads”, which includes various species in Sphaeria and Byssisedae, and was validly typified by B. keitii (Cooke 1878). Byssosphaeria keitii was treated as a synonym of B. schiedermayeriana (Fuckel) M.E. Barr by Sivanesan (1971), and B. schiedermayeriana exclusively occurs in tropical regions or greenhouse environments in temperate regions (Barr 1984). Morphologically, B. keitii is characterized by its large ascomata with orange to reddish plain apices, and is closely related to B. Etomidate rhodomphala (Berk.) Cooke (Barr 1984). For a long time, Byssosphaeria was assigned to Herpotrichia sensu lato, and Byssosphaeria schiedermayeriana was renamed as H. schiedermayeriana Fuckel (von Arx and Müller 1975; Bose 1961; Luttrell 1973; Müller and von Arx 1962; Sivanesan 1971). After studying Herpotrichia in North America, Barr (1984) accepted a relatively narrow generic concept, Herpotrichia sensu stricto, and revived Byssosphaeria; this proposal is supported by phylogenetic study (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2009b). Apoptosis inhibitor Currently Byssosphaeria comprises 32 species (http://​www.​mycobank.​org, 08-01-2009).