RESULTS: Liquid phase hydrolysis kinetics of alkyl formates (ethyl and methyl formate) was studied in an isothermal batch reactor at 80-110 degrees C and 20 bar nitrogen pressure. The catalyst find more of choice was formic acid. The reaction rate was enhanced but the formic acid product yield was slightly suppressed relative to the uncatalysed system. A kinetic model comprising mass balances and rate equations
was developed and the kinetic and equilibrium parameters included in the rate equations were estimated from the experimental data with non-linear regression analysis.
CONCLUSION: The model was able to predict the experimental results successfully. The results obtained were compared quantitatively with an
earlier model involving alkyl formate hydrolysis in a neutral aqueous solution. (C) 2011 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Nogo-A is an important neurite growth-regulatory protein S3I-201 in the adult and developing nervous system. Mice lacking Nogo-A, or rats with neuronal Nogo-A deficiency, exhibit behavioral abnormalities such as impaired short-term memory, decreased pre-pulse inhibition, and behavioral inflexibility. In the current study, we extended the behavioral profile of the Nogo-A deficient rat line with respect to reward sensitivity and motivation, and determined the concentrations of the monoamines dopamine and serotonin in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsal striatum (dSTR), and nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Using a limited access consumption task, we found similar intake of a sweet condensed milk solution following ad libiturn or restricted feeding in wild-type and Nogo-A deficient rats, indicating normal reward sensitivity and translation of hunger into feeding behavior.
When tested for motivation in a spontaneous progressive ratio task, Nogo-A deficient rats exhibited lower break points and tended to have lower “”highest completed ratios.”" Further, under extinction conditions responding ceased substantially earlier in these rats. Finally, in the PFC we found increased tissue levels of serotonin, while dopamine was unaltered. Dopamine and serotonin levels were also unaltered in the dSTR and the NAcc. In summary, these results suggest a role for Nogo-A regulated processes in motivated www.selleckchem.com/products/mx69.html behavior and related neurochemistry. The behavioral pattern observed resembles aspects of the negative symptomatology of schizophrenia.”
“Nummular headache (NH) is a clinical picture characterized by head pain that is exclusively felt in a round, elliptical, or oval area of the head. Although there is evidence supporting an organic origin for NH, some authors question this origin, hypothesizing a potential role for psychological factors. Our aims were to investigate the differences in anxiety and depression between NH patients and healthy controls, and to analyse if these conditions were related to pain parameters in NH patients.