Additionally, on what concerns to possible cross-reacting antibodies, Valmonte et al. (2012) showed that the IgE response of ascaris-infected subjects exhibited reactivity against B. tropicalis

paramyosin, indicating that PRM should be one of the proteins responsible for cross-reactions between house dust mites and helminthes. Therefore, although Obeticholic Acid chemical structure it is possible that infestations by other parasites trigger the development of IgG able to recognize BmPRM, the recognition of rBmPRM by sera from bovines experimentally infested and maintained at controlled conditions suggests that R. microplus infestations can induce an anti-BmPRM IgG response. Antigens with relative mobility in SDS–PAGE consistent with BmPRM that are recognized by sera of infested and vaccinated bovines have already been described in different adult tissues and developmental stages (da Silva Vaz et al., 1994, Kimaro and Opdebeeck, 1994 and Cruz et al., 2008), but unfortunately they were not characterized. Interestingly, Pruett PI3K Inhibitor Library screening et al. (2006) described the recognition

of a 102.3 kDa antigen by the sera of B. taurus bovines successively infested with R. microplus larvae, suggesting it may be a specific marker of R. microplus larvae exposure. If the 102.3 kDa antigen described represents BmPRM, which presents 102 kDa, the host’s immune recognition of BmPRM may initiate in the larvae stage, not necessarily depending on its presence in female adult saliva. Also, Cruz et al. (2008) analyzed tick antigen recognition by sera from 5 bovines submitted to 12 Cytidine deaminase successive experimental infestations, reporting the Western-blot positive identification of molecules presenting a molecular mass compatible with BmPRM. Furthermore, Reck et al. (2009) showed that a pool of these sera was able to abolish anti-haemostatic activities from R. microplus saliva. Here,

the sera from three out of the five bovines analyzed by Cruz et al. (2008) and Reck et al. (2009) were tested against rBmPRM by ELISA and two bovines showed to have developed an IgG response against BmPRM. The differences of rBmPRM recognition between bovines and after different infestations are consistent to what was described by Cruz et al. (2008). Similarly, Piper et al. (2009) reported individual variation in antigen recognition of tick extracts by IgG responses, showing distinct antibody levels between individuals of the same breed against the same tick antigens, as well as that preliminary Western-blot analysis indicated that susceptible and resistant animals produced antibodies to different tick antigens. Thus, it may be suggested that infestation levels can influence the IgG bovine response produced against BmPRM and it may vary widely among individuals.