After 120 hrs, the mortality rate in WSSV-injected F. indicus experimental groups (5 and 35 g/L) was significantly higher than for F. indicus exposed to 25 and

15 g/L salinities. During the experimental period (0–120 hrs), biochemical variables, namely total protein, carbohydrate, and lipid concentrations, were measured in hemolymph of both experimental and control groups. Acute salinity changes induced an increase in protein variations across the tested salinity ranges in shrimp. After 24 hrs, THC and PO activity decreased significantly whereas RB, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities increased in shrimps kept at the lower salinities of 5, 15 and 35 g/L. Concomitant with the rapid emergence of shrimp culture industries, effective disease management strategies Epigenetics Compound Library have become necessary. WSSV is a lethal

viral disease that affects cultured and captured Autophagy Compound Library chemical structure commercially important shrimp species and many other crustaceans [1]. In farmed shrimp, this virus reportedly causes 100% cumulative mortality in 2–10 days [1-4]. WSSV is an enveloped, ellipsoid, large (∼300 kb), double stranded DNA virus. In the infected tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon, common signs of the disease include appearance of white spots on the carapace, reddish discoloration around soft tissues, anorexia, lethargy and swelling Cobimetinib datasheet of branchiostegites [2]. Although WSSV has been formally recognized since 1992, the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses has designated this virus as a new genus, Whispovirus, family Nimaviridae [5]. Disease is the end result of complex interactions between host, pathogen and environment. In this context, water salinity is considered one of the most important environmental factors for shrimp because it influences metabolism, oxygen consumption, feeding rate, growth, molting, survival and

tolerance to toxic metabolites [6]. Hemocytes counts, which correlate with prophenoloxidase (proPO), respiratory burst, SOD, and phagocytic activity have been used as indices of immune capability in penaeid shrimps [7]. Hemolymph metabolic variables such as proteins, glucose, cholesterol, triacylglycerol, have been found to vary in response to captivity stress, temperature alterations, depleted dissolved oxygen and high ambient ammonia [8]. Biochemical variables in hemolymph have also been identified as indicators of stress related to onset of shrimp disease. In the last 10 years, substantial progress has been made in quantifying WSSV in infected animals. Owing to the unavailability of immortal cell lines to determine viral load of viable virus, quantitative PCR has been the main method used for quantification. Dhar et al.