Among inpatients treated with amitriptylinc, approximately one third had been found to be complete responders, partial responders, and nonresponders, respectively.7 Weissman et al8 reported a follow-up study to

4 years in a sample of female depressives who had responded to initial treatment with amitriptyline and had been included in a controlled trial of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical continuation antidepressant and psychotherapy. Many showed moderate or fluctuating symptoms, corresponding approximately to residual chronicity, but. included some subjects who relapsed and then remitted. Occurrence of residual symptoms had been noted in general practice patients with depression and anxiety, 9 and in 38% of elderly dépressives at 1 year, and 20% at 2 to 4 years.10 More recently, one or more residual symptoms have been found in 82% of elderly depression remitters below 8 on the Hamilton Depression scale.11 At. these levels the subjects would be below the usual threshold for partial remission, however. More recent, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical studies of residual symptoms have been reviewed by Fava et al.12 They have been reported both after drug treatment and psychotherapy. Fava et al, 13 in a study of their own, reported a strong relationship between prodromal and residual Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical symptoms. The most common symptoms were irritability and anxiety. The influential

Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study, 14 which has reported higher nonremission rates for depression than hitherto thought, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to occur, did not use a criterion for partial remission. Residual symptoms and relapse Following remission, the patients in our original study4 were followed for another 15 months. As in other followup studies, there was a high rate of subsequent relapse, with 40% of subjects relapsing over the next. 15 months. All the relapses occurred in the first 10 months, giving some support to the concept, of relapse as an early phenomenon that is distinguished from Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical recurrence later in time. An

important, finding emerged when we separated out the subjects with residual symptoms at remission. Among these, 76% relapsed in the next 10 months, compared with 25% of subjects without residual symptoms.3 Residual symptoms were a key indicator of subsequent relapse. A number of other studies have drawn attention to high relapse rates in residual dépressives.10,15-18 One study19 found that patients Calpain with residual symptoms of depression obtained greater benefit from maintenance antidepressant therapy than those who had completely recovered. Prien and Kupfer20 found that relapse was less common after full remission of at. least. 16 weeks, a finding on which they based a TSA HDAC purchase recommendation that continuation treatment should comprise at least 4 months of complete remission. After 9 months, 49% of a Dutch sample were found to be in full remission and 45% in partial remission.