e., runoff generation) leading to surface runoff. Other components of the model such as base flow, river routing, evapo-transpiration were kept constant. The Muskingum-Cunge routing selleck catalog (Barry and Bajracharya, 1995) and ModClark transformation (Kull and compound library Feldman, 1998) method was used across
Hydropower is one of the world’s most important renewable, non-carbon-based energy resources. In the United States, hydropower currently provides about 10% of the nation’s electricity and accounts for nearly 75% of the electricity generated from renewable sources [1]. However, hydropower production causes negative impacts to fish that live in or migrate through impounded river systems. Fish Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries passing through dams may be injured or killed when they are exposed to severe hydraulic conditions.

Injury mechanisms include rapid and extreme pressure changes, shear stress, turbulence, strike, cavitation, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and grinding [2, 3]. In addition, in the Columbia Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and Snake rivers hydropower system and many else where, hydroturbines are nearing the end of their operational life expectancy. Before rehabilitating or replacing these turbines, new designs for runners and other portions of the turbine system are being considered. Therefore, in the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere, improved survival rates and reduced injury rates for fish passing through turbines are being sought through changes in hydroturbine design and operation [4].

To design or operate hydroelectric facilities for maximum power generation and minimum ecological impact, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries it is critical to understand Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries the nature of hydraulic conditions or physical stresses to which fish are exposed when they pass through complex hydraulic environments and to identify the locations and operations where conditions are severe enough to injure or kill fish [5�C7]. Development of an autonomous sensor package termed Sensor Fish was initiated in 1997 to measure conditions that occur in situ and assist in deriving biological specifications Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries for ��fish-friendly�� turbine design and operation.Since initial development, the Sensor Fish has undergone numerous design changes to improve its function and extend the range of its use [8].

The most recent and ambitious changes to the Sensor Fish design involved a Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries major overhall of hardware and software:Added three Batimastat rotation sensors (rate gyros) to measure 3-dimensional rotational velocities to provide full six-degree-of-freedom measurement capability.

Modified placement of sensors for better performance.Increased Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries sampling frequency from 200 Hz to 2,000 Hz to allow more accurate capture of rapid changes of motion Entinostat and selleck chemical Seliciclib pressure that occur during passage through hydroelectric turbines and other fish selleck inhibitor passage alternatives.Added more non-volatile internal memory for data storage and increased reliability.Increased the dynamic ranges of acceleration, temperature, and pressure sensors.