For instance, chlorophyllin and pheophorbid were shown to possess LD50 values of 6.88 and 8.44 mg/l, respectively, against Culex sp. larvae exposed for 3 h to a light intensity of 147 W/m2 [24], and hematoporphyrin determined Vorinostat clinical trial 100% mortality in Culex pipiens larvae at a concentration of 10 ��M after 3 days of exposure to natural sunlight [25]. The biological activity of porphyrin derivatives is known to be related to their molecular structure. Hydrophilic porphyrins are inefficient photoinsecticidal agents [34], possibly because of their inability to enter or cross the lipid layer of the cell membranes, which hinders their distribution into the target tissues.
Hydrophobic porphyrins, on the other hand, can easily cross lipid membranes and reach different target cell compartments, such as plasma, mitochondrial and RER membranes [18], but may turn into photobiologically inactive dimers or oligomers in the aqueous medium, a major obstacle when targeting aquatic organisms such as mosquito larvae [26]. Amphiphilic porphyrins maintain a high tendency to cross the biological membranes and to partition in relatively large amounts within the tissues, owing to sufficient water solubility [35]. Therefore, such compounds show the most potent photokilling activities against insects such as flies and mosquitoes [24], [27], [34]. The amphiphilic character of C14 is guaranteed by the presence of four positive charges and a 14 carbon alkyl chain, hence it can undergo a ready and stable association to PFP particles , which are used to feed the mosquito larvae in the laboratory.
We showed that C14 is taken up by ingestion of porphyrin-containing PFP. In agreement with our observations, Dondji et al. reported that incubating Ae. aegypti and Anopheles stephensi larvae in the dark in a hematoporphyrin solution (containing food) for 3 h and 24 h, respectively, enhanced the larval mortality at the following irradiation with visible light, in comparison to larvae exposed simultaneo
Only ovarian cancer patients who have undergone a thorough surgical staging procedure, with early-stage and well or moderately differentiated tumours, may be considered as cured by surgery alone, and therefore do not require adjuvant therapy (Trimbos et al, 1991). Occult extra-ovarian metastases are found in about 15�C20% of patients initially diagnosed as early ovarian cancer confined to the ovary.
The confirmed absence of such micrometatstatic lesions in the peritoneal cavity does have impact on the decision-making process of the physician with respect to the treatment regimen as well as on patient’s quality of life. Statistically, these occult lesions are found in the diaphragm (7%), the omentum (5%), peritoneal AV-951 biopsy specimens (10%), and peritoneal cytology (20%) (Leblanc et al, 2000). The magnitude of the problem becomes even more apparent following optimally performed re-staging operations.