For other agronomic traits, these lines carried more favorable alleles than others. The lines should be useful as parents for conventional breeding and MAS because germplasm with both good FHB resistance and other agronomic traits is rare. Numerous sources of FHB resistance that have been genetically mapped to chromosomes are from many countries in Asia, North America, South America, and Europe [9]. In this study, we identified five additive QTL associated

with FHB resistance on chromosomes 2D, 4B, 4D, 5B and 5D. Among them, QFHB.caas-4D and QFHB.caas-5D showed larger effects than other QTL, explaining 7.01% and 12.87% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. Korean cultivar, Chokwang, was reported to carry Qfhs.ksu-5DL.1 NVP-BKM120 nmr for type II FHB resistance [22]. A minor QTL (R2 = 4%) on chromosome 5DL was reported in a RIL population derived from a cross between European winter wheat cultivars Renan and Recital [23]. While SSR marker Xgwm292 was closely linked to QFHB.caas-5D in this study, the same QTL for

type II resistance was detected in a Wangshuibai/Wheaton RIL population [24]. This indicated that QFHB.caas-5D conferred type II FHB resistance. In a similar region to QFHB-caas-4D, another QTL conferred Type I resistance using a different population [25] and [26]. Thus, QFHB-caas-4D identified in this study was probably associated with Type I resistance. In addition, QFHB-caas-4B was in the same region to that reported by Buerstmayr et al. [10]. It therefore should be a reliable locus for FHB resistance. Mechanisms of FHB resistance in wheat can be addressed from the viewpoint of morphology, physiology and biochemistry. Negative KU-60019 nmr correlations between visual FHB symptoms and some agronomic Isotretinoin traits such as plant height have been reported [2] and [9]. Co-localizations were also found between FHB resistance and QTL for plant height

and spike architecture in barley [27]. In this study, the locations of QPH.caas-2D, QPH.caas-4B and QPH.caas-4D were the same as QFHB.caas-2D, QFHB.caas-4B and QFHB.caas-4D, respectively. QFHB.caas-4D was located in the interval Xpsp3007–DFMR2, and QFHB.caas-2D was located between Xwmc11 and Xwmc112. Wheat dwarfing genes Rht-B1 and Rht8 are located on chromosomes 4D and 2D, respectively. DFMR2 was used for detecting Rht-B1 allelic variation [28]. Compared with the high density wheat integration map  [29], Xwmc112 was very close to Xgwm261 which is closely linked to Rht8. Since plant height was reduced, the probability of soil surface spore infection was increased, and the high humidity environment was conducive to FHB disease development. In the same or a similar interval between Xgwm292 and Vrn-D1, there were five additive QTL conferring different traits, including QFHB-caas-5D ( Fig. 1). These co-localizations showed that linkages may exist between genes for FHB resistance and agronomic traits that are independent of pleiotropic effects.