In conclusion, we propose that VNUT-dependent ATP release pathway is associated with agonist-induced secretion process and downstream purinergic signalling in pancreatic ducts.”
“Introduction. Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is a common chronic illness in childhood and is initially treated with corticosteroids. Recent reports indicate that the incidence of steroid resistance and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is on the rise. However, these reports involved different ethnic

populations. The purpose of this study was to compare the characteristics of INS in Iranian children in different periods. Materials and Methods. A retrospective chart review of children admitted with the diagnosis of new-onset INS was 5-Fluoracil performed. Patients were divided into two groups based on date of presentation periods of 1991 to 2002 and 2005 to 2012. Steroid resistance was defined as persistent proteinuria (2+ and more) within 8 weeks Adriamycin chemical structure of oral corticosteroid treatment. Results. A total of 238 children included in this study (119 in each group). There was an insignificant decrease in the frequency of steroid resistance, along with an insignificant change in histopathology towards focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Conclusions. These findings indicate that in contrast to other reports

of INS from various ethnic compositions, a tendency to steroid resistance is still arguable in the population of Iranian children.”
“In the present study, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore the different roles of the posterior inferior frontal gyrus (pIFG) in Chinese character form judgment between literate and illiterate subjects. Using event-related fMRI, 24 healthy right-handed Chinese subjects (12 literates and 12 illiterates) were asked to perform Chinese character and figure form judgment tasks. The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) differences in pIFG were examined with general linear modeling (GLM). We found

differences in reaction times and accuracy between subjects as they performed these tasks. These behavioral differences reflect the different cognitive demands of character form judgment for literate and illiterate individuals. The results showed differences in the BOLD response patterns in the pIFG Pim inhibitor between the two discrimination tasks and the two subject groups. A comparison of the character and figure tasks showed that literate and illiterate subjects had similar BOLD responses in the inferior frontal gyrus. However, differences in behavioral performance suggest that the pIFG plays a different role in Chinese character form judgment for each subject group. In literate subjects, the left pIFG mediated access to phonology in achieving Chinese character form judgment, whereas the right pIFG participated in the processing of the orthography of Chinese characters. In illiterate subjects, the bilateral frontal gyrus participated in the visual-spatial processing of Chinese characters to achieve form judgment.