Liver and kidney samples were homogenized in ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail (1:30 dilution; Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). After centrifugation

DNA Synthesis inhibitor at 9100g for 30 min at 4 °C, the supernatants were collected. The extraction efficiency was approximately 80% for kidney and liver samples, and >90% for blood samples. Partisil® RP TLC plate (KC-18 Silica Gel 60 Å; Whatman Inc., Clifton, NJ, USA) as the stationary phase was loaded with 2–2.5 μL of plasma, urine, tissue supernatant, injectate, and undiluted 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4 or 64Cu solution, and developed in the mobile phase of methanol/10% ammonium acetate (70/30 v/v). The radioactive components separated on the plate—corresponding to 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4, its radioactive metabolites, and free 64Cu—were exposed to an imaging plate, and scanned using a bioimaging analyzer as previously described [6]. The proteins were then visualized by exposure to iodine vapor. Samples from the same mouse and the injectate as the internal standard were analyzed on one TLC plate, with several samples, including urine and

the injectate, being GPCR & G Protein inhibitor appropriately diluted in NS. Quantitative data were presented as mean ± SD and compared using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Table 1 shows the effect of various doses of GF on the biodistribution of 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4

in normal mice at 3 h p.i. Renal radioactivity was significantly reduced by 35.3% in the presence of 80 mg/kg GF; however, increased doses of 120 and 200 mg/kg did not lead to further reductions. Blood radioactivity (as low as 0.03 ± 0.01%ID/g) was not significantly influenced by GF at any of the doses tested. In other organs, co-injection with GF tended to result in a slight increase in radioactivity, independent of the doses used. Based on these results, the dose of 80 mg/kg was selected for all subsequent studies. Fig. 2 shows the effect of Lys and the combined effect of GF and Lys on the biodistribution of 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4 in normal mice at 3 and 24 h p.i. l-lysine alone did not affect and the biodistribution of 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4 at either 3 or 24 h p.i in any of the organs examined, except in the stomach. When Lys was added to GF, the 31.5% (3 h p.i.) and 26.6% reductions (24 h p.i.) in renal radioactivity caused by GF alone were increased to 36.1% (P > 0.05) and 37.9% reductions (P = 0.03), respectively. Modulators Interestingly, unlike GF alone, GF + Lys did not significantly affect accumulation of radioactivity in other organs. The effect of GF ± Lys was examined in mice bearing αVβ3-positive U87MG tumors (Table 2). The tumor uptake of 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4 was slightly increased in the presence of GF ± Lys.