\n\nMethods: To tackle this problem, we hereby describe a new method for

inferring and representing alternative (reticulate) evolutionary histories of species as an explicit weighted consensus network which can be constructed from a collection of gene trees with or without prior knowledge of the species phylogeny.\n\nResults: We provide a way of building a weighted phylogenetic LY2090314 network for each of the following reticulation mechanisms: diploid hybridization, intragenic recombination and complete or partial horizontal gene transfer. We successfully tested our method on some synthetic and real datasets to infer the above-mentioned evolutionary events which may have influenced the evolution of many species.\n\nConclusions: Our weighted consensus network inference method allows one to infer, visualize and validate statistically major conflicting signals induced by the mechanisms of reticulate evolution. HDAC inhibitor The results provided by the new method can be used to represent the inferred conflicting

signals by means of explicit and easy-to-interpret phylogenetic networks.”
“Direct numerical simulations of transitional and turbulent flows of purely viscous thixotropic liquids in stirred tanks have been performed. The simple thixotropy model used is based on the notion of a network in the liquid with an integrity that builds up with finite rate under quiescent conditions, and breaks down under liquid deformation. We solve a transport equation for the network integrity which is two-way coupled to the lattice-Boltzmann-based flow solver. The liquid’s time scale characterized by the dimensionless

Deborah number shows a profound impact on the level of mobilization and the flow patterns in the mixing tanks, especially if the time scale of the liquid is of the same order as the circulation time in the tank. It is also demonstrated to what extent LY3039478 cost increasing the impeller speed improves mobilization and mixing. (C) 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 56: 2236-2247, 2010″
“Background: The aim of the study was to estimate genetic parameters for direct and social genetic effects (SGE) for growth and welfare traits in farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). A SGE refers to the effect of an individual’s genes on trait performance of its social partners. In total, 2100 individually tagged juveniles from 100 families at an average age of 222 days post-hatching were used. Each family was separated into three groups of seven fish, and were randomly assigned to 100 experimental tanks, together with fish from two other families. Body weight and length of the first, second and third dorsal fin and the caudal fin measured by digital image analysis were measured at the start of the experiment, after two weeks, and after six weeks.