Nature 2006, 444:97–101.CrossRefPubMed learn more 54. Shomron N, Malca H, Vig I, Ast G: Reversible inhibition of the second step of splicing suggests a possible role of zinc in the second step of splicing. Nucleic Acids Res 2002, 30:4127–37.CrossRefPubMed 55. Lee MJ, Ayaki H, Goji J, Kitamura K, Nishio H: Cadmium restores in vitro splicing activity inhibited
by zinc-depletion. Arch Toxicol 2006, 80:638–43.CrossRefPubMed 56. Bracken AP, Bond U: Reassembly and protection of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles by heat shock proteins in yeast cells. RNA 1999, 5:1586–96.CrossRefPubMed 57. Sayani S, Janis M, Lee CY, Toesca I, Chanfreau GF: Widespread impact of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay on the yeast intronome. Mol Cell 2008, 8:360–70.CrossRef Authors’ contributions RCG carried out the construction and analysis of stress cDNA libraries, bioinformatics analysis, Northern blot experiments and drafted the manuscript. RMPS carried out S1 protection assays. SLG participated in study design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Oral diseases
related to dental biofilms, such as dental caries, continue to afflict the majority of the World’s population [1]. This ubiquitous disease results IWR-1 purchase from the interaction of specific bacteria with constituents of the diet HSP90 within a biofilm known as plaque. Streptococcus mutans effectively colonizes tooth surfaces, and is a key contributor to
the formation of cariogenic biofilms because this bacterium (i) utilizes dietary sucrose to synthesize large amounts of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), (ii) adheres tenaciously to glucan-coated surfaces, and (iii) is also highly acidogenic and acid-tolerant [2, 3]. The majority of biofilm matrices are rich in polysaccharides, and dental biofilms are no exception. Polysaccharides of dental biofilms are mostly glucans synthesized by microbial glycosyltransferases (Gtfs), which are largely insoluble and complex in structure [4, 5]. The Gtfs secreted by S. mutans (particularly GtfB and GtfC) bind to the tooth surface and to surfaces of bacteria [6–8]. The glucans synthesized by surface-adsorbed Gtfs provide specific binding sites for bacterial colonization on the tooth surface and to each other; thus, contributing to the initial steps of cariogenic biofilm BGB324 purchase development [3, 8]. If the biofilm is allowed to remain on tooth surfaces and is exposed to dietary carbohydrates frequently (especially sucrose), S. mutans as a constituent of the biofilm community will continue to synthesize polysaccharides and metabolize the sugars to organic acids.