“
“Purpose of review

Calcinosis is a recognized manifestation of many connective-tissue diseases, especially juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) and systemic sclerosis;

however, little is known about the pathogenesis and the treatment of this condition. The purpose of this review is to discuss the most recently published data about calcinosis in connective-tissue diseases with emphasis on the pathogenesis and its treatment.

Recent findings

Calcinosis is more common in patients with sustained disease-activity and longer disease duration. JDM patients with anti-p140 antibodies and tumour necrosis factor (INF) alpha-308AA allele are at an increased risk. Low levels of the calcium-regulating proteins, Salubrinal fetuin-A and Selleck AZD6094 osteopontin, have been found

in the serum of patients with JDM. Macrophages and cytokines interleukin (IL) 6, IL-1 beta and TNF alpha isolated from the calcific tissues in JDM have also been implicated in the pathologic process. Raised tissue expression of advanced glycation end products and their receptor has been noted in patients with systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus with calcinosis.

Summary

Many agents have been used for treatment of calcinosis but none has been accepted as a standard therapy. Case studies have shown that aggressive treatment of the underling inflammatory condition with intravenous immunoglobulin, anti TNF agents, thalidomide and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation has also led to improvement of the calcinosis. Aggressive management of the underlying inflammatory condition should Selleck MCC950 help in treating as well as decreasing the incidence of calcinosis. Some case studies have focused on agents such as warfarin, bisphosphonates, diltiazem and others, which are primarily aimed at treating the process of calcinosis with varying success.”
“We present the Patient Annual Report in 2011 and the Treatment Annual Report in 2005 that were collected and analyzed by the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Data on 15698 patients with cervical cancer, 7713 with endometrial cancer and 4672 with ovarian

cancer in whom treatment was started in 2011 and data on the prognosis of 2985 patients with cervical cancer, 2812 with endometrial cancer, and 1839 with ovarian cancer who were started on treatment in 2005 were analyzed and summarized. Patient Annual Report in 2011: Stage 0 accounted for 58%, stage I for 24%, stage II for 9%, stage III for 5%, and stage IV for 4% of all the patients with cervical cancer. Stage 0 accounted for 6%, stage I for 61%, stage II for 8%, stage III for 18%, and stage IV for 7% of patients with endometrial cancer. Stage I accounted for 43%, stage II for 9%, stage III for 29%, and stage IV for 8% of patients with ovarian cancer. Treatment Annual Report in 2005: The 5-year overall survival rates of patients with cervical cancer were 91% in stage I, 78% in stage II, 57% in stage III, and 30% in stage IV.