rhamnosus CRL1506 (Lr1506) for 12 hours and then challenged with poly(I:C). The mRNA expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-2, IL-12, IL-10 and TGF-β was studied after 12 hours of stimulation. Cytokine mRNA levels were calibrated by the swine β-actin level and normalized by common logarithmic transformation. (B) In addition, expression of MHC-II and CD80/86 Selleck SP600125 molecules as well as intracellular levels of IL-1β, IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-10 were studied in the three populations of APCs within adherent cells defined with CD172a and CD11R1 markers. Values represent means and error bars indicate the

standard deviations. The results are means of 3

measures repeated 4 times with independent experiments. The mean differences among different superscripts letters were significant at the 5% level. In parallel experiments using the PND-1186 in vitro same stimulation protocols, we studied the expression of surface activation markers and protein cytokine levels by flow cytometry in CD172a+CD11R1−, CD172a−CD11R1low KPT-8602 and CD172a+CD11R1high adherent cells (Figure 3B). Challenge with poly(I:C) significantly increased the expression of surface molecules MHC-II and CD80/86 in the three populations of APCs. In addition, we observed that lactobacilli-treated cells showed higher levels of MHC-II and CD80/86 when compared to control cells Calpain with the exception of CD80/86 in Lr1506-treated CD172a+CD11R1high cells that was similar to controls (Figure 3B). We also observed differences in the up-regulation of both molecules when comparing Lr1505 and Lr1506, since MCH-II levels in CD172a−CD11R1low and CD172a+CD11R1high adherent cells and CD80/86 levels in the three populations of APCs were higher in Lr1505-treated cells than in those stimulated with Lr1506 (Figure 3B). We

also observed an up-regulation of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ in poly(I:C) challenged APCs (Figure 3B) after being treated with L. rhamnosus strains. When studying the influence of lactobacilli on the distinct populations of APCs, we observed a differential behaviour towards each cell group. IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ levels were significantly higher in lactobacilli-treated CD172a−CD11R1low cells when compared to controls. Moreover, Lr1505 was more efficient than Lr1506 to up-regulate the levels of the three cytokines in that cell population (Figure 3B). On the other hand, IL-10 levels were significantly higher in lactobacilli-treated CD172a+CD11R1− and CD172a+CD11R1high cells when compared to controls. Moreover, Lr1505 was more efficient than Lr1506 to up-regulate the levels of IL-10 in both cell populations (Figure 3B).