RNA was extracted from the paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed radical prostatectomy specimen. The MAPK inhibitor CAPRA-S score was used, as was discussed earlier.36 Patients operated at UCSF after 1994 with a minimum of 5-year follow-up were evaluated. BCR was defined as 2 PSA determinations > 0.2 ng/mL or any secondary treatment 6 months after surgery. A total of 413 men were studied and 82 recurred.

The hazard ratio for each unit increase in CCP was 2.1 and this remained significant in multivariate analysis. The CCP was particularly useful Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for stratifying risk in men with low-risk parameters (CAPRA-S 0–2). A model combining CAPRA-S and CCP was significantly better than CAPRA-S alone. [Michael K. Brawer, MD] Kidney Stones: Demographics, Pathophysiology, and Treatment Options There were several presentations at the 2012 AUA Annual Meeting Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical that provided useful information and insights into kidney stone demographics, the pathophysiology of this process, and how best to treat those afflicted. These papers are subsequently reviewed. Information from Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical two independent groups using the same database demonstrated that the prevalence of kidney stones is increasing in the United States. Scales and associates45 queried the

2007–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and found that there was a 71% increase in the prevalence of stones as compared with the 1988–1994 survey. This was true for both genders and all racial and ethnic groups. Shoag and Eisner46 reported that there was a 69.4% increase in the prevalence Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in men and a 50% increase for women. This was also demonstrated for all racial and ethnic groups and was seen in those with BMI > or < 30, and in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical those with or without hypertension or diabetes mellitus. Kidney stone formation has been linked to a number of medical comorbidities including cardiac disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension,

obesity, and chronic kidney disease. Shoag and colleagues47 performed a multivariate analysis using the NHANES III survey and found that kidney stone formation was associated with an increased risk for peripheral vascular disease as well as death from this problem. Hypercalciuria is a risk factor for the development of calcium-containing kidney stones in children and adults below and it has been linked to bone disease in adults. Bagrodia and associates48 reported that children with kidney stones are significantly shorter than those who do not form stones. This might be linked to metabolic disturbances impacting skeletal health. An increasing number of adults are forming calcium phosphate stones, especially those with recurrence. Wood and colleagues49 reported this trend in children and noted that brushite stones are now seen more commonly in recurrent stone formers.