S1). This indicates that this deletion is an ancient trait of the rpoN gene in this group. Although Region

II has been implicated in DNA melting and holoenzyme stability, its absence in all these proteins strongly supports the idea that this region is dispensable for σ54 functioning. Other minor differences were observed, among which the low conservation of the region that encompasses residues 310–330 is the most noticeable. The relevance of these differences remains to be established. Similarity percent was calculated from the sequences included in Fig. S1. From these values (Table S1), we observed that the RpoN proteins from the Rhodobacter genus show a low degree of similarity (around 50–60%), even when the RpoN proteins from http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Gefitinib.html the same species are compared. Similarity values are also within this range when these sequences are compared with RpoN from E. coli. Considering that α-proteobacteria diverged from γ-β-proteobacteria approximately 2.5 billion years ago (Battistuzzi et al., 2004), it would have been reasonable to assume that the RpoNs should have been more similar among Rhodobacter species than to

species that belong to other groups. This assumption is true for other proteins, but not for RpoN. For instance, RpoB (the beta subunit of the RNA polymerase) is 95% similar between R. sphaeroides Obeticholic Acid manufacturer and R. capsulatus species, but only 76% to RpoB from E. coli. Similarly, RpoD (encoding the σ70 factor) from R. sphaeroides is 90% similar to RpoD from R. capsulatus while the RpoDRs and RpoDEc are only 62% similar. Even nonessential genes, like GltB (large subunit of the glutamate synthase), show a 93% similarity between R. capsulatus and R. sphaeroides, but only 59% similarity to GltBEc. Therefore, it seems that in the Rhodobacter genus, the different rpoN copies must have diverged at a higher rate

than other genes in the chromosome. In agreement with this hypothesis, it has been shown that functional duplicated genes usually show a faster evolution rate than other genes in the genome (Kondrashov et al., 2002; Jordan et al., 2004). In Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin accordance, it has been shown that R. sphaeroides has a high degree of gene duplication, and in general, these genes are more similar to their orthologues than to their paralogues (Choudhary et al., 2004), suggesting a high divergence rate. The evolutionary forces that underlie this high rate of divergence remain unclear. Although rpoN genes seem to have been accumulating mutations at a fast rate, the orthologue copies of the different rpoN genes are more similar between them than to their paralogues (Table S1); for example, rpoN1, rpoN2, and rpoN3 from R. azotoformans show a very high similarity (around 90%) to their probable orthologues in R. sphaeroides, suggesting a common origin for all the members of each family of orthologues. The same pattern of sequence similarity could also be due to an HGT origin of these genes.