Soc. Neurosci. abstract 413.10) allows

subregions of thalamic nuclei to be targeted based on connectivity. Although there are still many unanswered questions about the role of the thalamus in perception and cognition, converging evidence from neuroimaging, physiological, anatomical, and computational studies suggests that the classical view of cognitive functions exclusively depending on the cortex needs to be thoroughly revised. Only with detailed knowledge of thalamic processing and thalamo-cortical interactions will it be possible to fully understand cognition. This work is supported by grants NEI RO1 EY017699, NIMH R01 MH064043, and NEI R21 EY021078. “
“Memories evolve over time, and many have come to consider that memories have two extended “lives” after the initial encoding of new information. The first, called consolidation, involves a Target Selective Inhibitor Library prolonged period after learning when new information becomes fixed at a cellular level and interleaved among already existing memories to enrich our body of personal and factual knowledge. The second, called reconsolidation, turns the tables on a memory and involves the converse process in which a newly consolidated memory is now subject to modification through subsequent reminders and interference. Here we propose that Venetoclax chemical structure the time has come to join the literatures on these two lives of memories, toward the goal of understanding memory as an ever-evolving organization of the record of experience. Since

the pioneering studies on retrograde amnesia, it has been accepted that memories undergo a process of consolidation (Ribot, 1882, Müller and Pilzecker, 1900 and Burnham, 1903). Immediately after learning, memories are labile, that is, subject to interference and trauma, but later they are stabilized, such that they are not disrupted by the same interfering events. It is well recognized that memory consolidation

involves a relatively brief cascade of molecular and cellular events that alter synaptic efficacy as well as a prolonged systems level interaction between the hippocampus and cerebral cortex (McGaugh, mafosfamide 2000 and Dudai, 2004). Here we will focus mainly on the latter. Linkage between the hippocampus and consolidation began with the earliest observations by Scoville and Milner (1957) on the patient H.M., who received a resection of the medial temporal lobe area including the hippocampus and neighboring parahippocampal region at age 27. H.M.’s amnesia was characterized as a severe and selective impairment in “recent memory” in the face of spared memory for knowledge obtained remotely prior to the surgery. Tests on H.M.’s memory for public and personal events have shown that his retrograde amnesia extends back at least eleven years (Corkin, 1984), and more recent studies of patients with damage limited to the hippocampal region also report temporally graded retrograde amnesia for factual knowledge and news events over a period extending up to ten years (Manns et al., 2003 and Bayley et al., 2006).