Systematic assessments of the physiological effects of biopsy sampling are important to determine the potential impacts of Talazoparib these techniques. Studies on both marine mammal carcasses and live animals have been conducted to provide information to improve dart designs for obtaining better samples while minimizing physiological impacts. Experiments have been conducted on cetacean carcasses to assess the functionality and sample retention rates of different dart tips as well as evaluate the extent of tissue damage

caused by biopsy darts (e.g., Palsbøll et al. 1991, Patenaude and White 1995). For example, Patenaude and White (1995) used carcasses of freshly dead belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) to determine the success of biopsy acquisition and the severity of wounds caused by biopsy darts with different combinations of biopsy tip lengths (20, 25 mm) and diameters (5, 6, 7 mm), crossbow draw weights (23, 45, 68 kg), and distances fired (1.5–15 m). Their results showed that

the severity of the biopsy site wound, defined by the extent of tearing in the epidermis and dermis surrounding the puncture wound, increased with the draw weight of the crossbow (Patenaude and White 1995). Some researchers also record physiological responses to biopsy sampling (Table 4, Z-IETD-FMK solubility dmso 5) as well as photograph the progression of wound healing in free-ranging cetaceans to assess the impacts of remote biopsy methods. In general, most sampling sites heal nearly completely following biopsy sampling via remote methods. For example, Reeb and Best (2006) reported that biopsy sites on southern medchemexpress right whales (Eubalaena australis) were hardly visible after biopsying took place, and there were no signs of integumentary or other trauma. Additionally, even though the biopsy site of one neonate hemorrhaged,

the bleeding stopped within minutes of sampling (Reeb and Best 2006). Similarly, within a month or less of biopsy sampling, wounds on dolphins appear as small dots with no sign of infection (Weller et al. 1997, Krützen et al. 2002, Parsons et al. 2003a, Jefferson and Hung 2008). Within 50 d, the scar is barely discernable (Krützen et al. 2002, Parsons et al. 2003a). Finally, biopsy dart wounds on killer whales also heal relatively quickly.2 These wounds appear as small white dots within one day of darting, and they shrink in size and fade as the wound heals. Furthermore, no infection (e.g., swelling, discharge, etc.) of the biopsy site has been observed; and when the animals are resighted the following year, only a small depigmented spot may exist, with no evidence of permanent tissue damage (Barrett-Lennard et al. 1996, B. Hanson2). In contrast, surgical biopsy wounds on bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are generally larger than remote biopsy wounds and take a longer time to heal (Weller et al. 1997). In general, it takes 15–42 d for epidermis tissue to cover these larger wounds.