The BFRs, CFRs and PFRs cover the major proportion of organic FRs, although

some FRs contain neither halogen nor phosphorus atoms (e.g. melamine, 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine). FRs are incorporated as either additive or reactive ingredients, with the aim of increasing GDC-0068 mouse the fire resistance of materials. Hence, reactive FRs are incorporated into the oligomers or polymers being manufactured, while additive FRs are molded within the material to be flame retarded. Some countries or states have rather unique regulations requiring furniture and electrical equipment to meet specific flammability tests, e.g. in the UK and Ireland (Arcadis EBRC, 2011); and in California in the USA (State of California, 2000). However, there www.selleckchem.com/products/ON-01910.html is growing evidence that these regulations may not offer the protection that was first intended (Babrauskas et al., 2012 and DiGangi et al., 2010). Also, there is a growing body of knowledge which is raising concerns about these chemicals in relation to their persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity and long range transport. The ‘San Antonio Statement’

(DiGangi et al., 2010) sets the scene as to why this topic is of major concern to the global society. The FR area is complex, with numerous individual chemicals comprising the BFRs, CFRs and PFRs. This highlights the need for a common vocabulary amongst scientists and others to be used when addressing these chemicals in order to avoid confusion. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were manufactured and applied as FRs from the late 1920s until the mid-1980s, although PCBs were also used in a multitude of other applications, particularly in electrical equipment. Other chlorinated compounds came into use as FR, probably from the 1960s onwards, sometimes also including a phosphate group, such as the tris–(2,3-dichloropropyl)phosphate (TDCPP) and tris–(1,3-dichloro-iso-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP) ( Gold et al., 1978). The brominated analog of the former compound, tris–(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate

(TDBPP) made the headlines in the 1970s due to its use in children’s pajamas ( Blum et al., 1978). selleck chemicals In the beginning of the 1970s, an increasing number of BFRs, e.g. polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), came to the market. In 1997, the World Health Organization tried to list all major FRs, also including any inorganic chemicals used in that role ( WHO/IPCS, 1997). Pijnenburg et al. (1995) made the first review of BFRs, including what was known of their analysis, toxicity and environmental occurrence, and numerous other reviews and/or assessment documents have been published since then (e.g. Bergman, 2005, Birnbaum and Staskal, 2004, D’Silva et al., 2004, de Boer et al., 2000, de Wit, 2002 and Law et al., 2003).