The latter type of glycosylation ATM Kinase Inhibitor solubility dmso predicted for the C-terminal protein parts occurs often at serine and threonine residues that would otherwise be phosphorylated; one illustration of the complex interplay among eukaryotic post-translational modification systems

[39]. N-glycosylation at N165/165 (site: NDS) and N296/298 (site: NFT) was predicted for Chi2/Chi3, respectively. These posttranslational modifications may account for the discrepant masses deduced from primary protein sequences and calculated on the basis of the electrophoretic mobility (Figure 1). Putative sites Capmatinib purchase for C-linked glycosylation (C-mannosylation, [39]) were not found. The tripeptide ‘RGD’ mediating cell adhesion (R81 to D83) was predicted for Chi2. Potential sites for phosphorylation at serine, threonine and tyrosine residues are listed in the Additional file 4. Temporal mRNA expression analysis for CHI2 and CHI3 Next, we verified that target genes selected for the DNA-based diagnostic crayfish-plague assay are subject to

functional constraint. This could be assumed if temporal expression of target genes significantly changes during physiological conditions relevant to the infection in vivo. The CHI2 and CHI3 mRNA copy numbers expressed in the A. astaci mycelium, grown in chitin-free culture were quantified over three days at intervals GDC-0941 chemical structure of twelve hours using one-step qRT-PCR. A partial sequence of the nuclear gene NDUFV1 encoding the mitochondrial protein NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 1, which is part

of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, was identified in this work (data not shown, GenBank:EU500726). We used this sequence as target for an endogenous positive control qRT-PCR assay reporting deviations in extraction, reverse transcription and PCR amplification including mRNA integrity, quality, and quantity. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II Overall, levels of NDUFV1 mRNA changed only slightly across the time points studied (< 2.5-fold), including, however, expression changes which were near or below the level of significance (p = 0.05) but not matching the temporal expression patterns of the chitinases. In detail, the dynamic growth of the mycelium during the first hours in drop culture (12 to 24 hours, [18]) was reflected by the higher NDUFV1 expression found after 12 and 24 hours of culture (P = 0.03 and 0.07, respectively). Mycelium growth reached its plateau after 72 hours of incubation. The decreasing energy requirement and the beginning of autolytic processes at this stage are reflected by a lower NDUFV1-transcript copy number (P = 0.05 for expressions at 72 and 24 hours). The chitinase genes CHI2 and CHI3 were both constitutively expressed in mycelium grown in a medium lacking the substrate chitin. However, different mRNA amounts and temporal expression patterns, including the time point at which the maximum level was reached, were observed (Figure 4). Most prominent was the significant maximum in the CHI2 mRNA level reached after 48 hours (P = 0.013).