The structure of the lipopeptide surfactin showing the main cleavage site on tandem-MS and

the fragment nomenclature (B). Positive tandem MS spectra [M+H]+ of C13-surfactin (C), C14-surfactin (D), C15-surfactin (mixture of iso and anteiso) and C16-surfactin (E). Bioautography assay The AMS H2O-1 lipopeptide extract was analyzed by thin layer chromatography, and the separated bioactive fractions were observed in a bioautography assay (Figure 3). The compound with small Rf (0.27) that corresponds to the lipopeptide that was eluted from the silica gel column with methanol strongly inhibited the growth of D. alaskensis. Another compound with an Rf value of 0.46 that was eluted with CHCl3-methanol 9:1 was also active. This compound was tentatively identified as a glycolipid because it is visualized through iodine vapor and gives a violet spot with the orcinol-sulfuric acid reagent. Erlotinib in vivo Venetoclax supplier Figure 3 Thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of the crude lipopeptide extract AMS H2O-1 (A) . Bioautography of TLC fractions against D . alaskensis growth in an agar overlay (B). See text for details. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of AMS H2O-1 against D. alaskensis NCIMB 13491 The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the AMS H2O-1 lipopeptide extract were determined

by the broth microdilution method using a 96 well plate. The D. alaskensis indicator strain was able to grow in contact with AMS H2O-1 at 1.5 μg/ml, as observed by the black precipitate (iron sulfide) in Postgate E medium (Figure 4). Thus, the AMS H2O-1 was able to inhibit the D. alaskensis growth at concentrations as low as 2.5 μg/ml. However, the MIC was determined to be 5 μg/ml, which was the lowest concentration that was effective against D. alaskensis in each of the for five replicates (Figure

4). The minimum bactericidal concentration value of the AMS H2O-1 against D. alaskensis was established at the same value as the minimum inhibitory concentration (5 μg/ml), as no cells were recovered from any of the five replicate wells. Figure 4 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)) of AMS H2O-1 against D. alaskensis NCIMB 13491 as determined by the broth microdilution method. BC (uninoculated wells, blank medium control); CC (untreated cells, cell control). Transmission electron microscopy analysis Untreated D. alaskensis cells showed normal vibrio-shaped morphology with an electron-translucent cytoplasm (Figure 5 A and B). The cell envelope was consistent with the gram-negative cell wall. Incubating the cells with a sub-MIC (0.5x MIC) concentration (2.5 μg/ml) of AMS H2O-1 lipopeptide extract resulted in cytoplasmic alterations in the form of electron-dense granules. Cytoplasm extraction was also observed in this sample, suggesting cell membrane damage (Figure 5C and D).