Additionally, no genes in the “translation” category were altered in expression under the sub-inhibitory dose, but multiple genes in Lonafarnib research buy this category
were up-regulated when treated with an inhibitory dose. These differences suggest that the sub-inhibitory dose of Ery did not significantly affect the fundamental metabolism of C. jejuni. Despite these major differences, there were 14 genes that showed consistent trends of differential expression under both inhibitory and sub-inhibitory treatments (Table 3). Among the 14 genes include a two-component sensor kinase (cj1226c), omp50 (cj1170c), and fliA (cj0061c). Interestingly, several COG categories did not show any appreciable gene expression changes regardless of the doses of Ery exposure. These
categories include cell “cycle control, mitosis and meiosis”, “intracellular trafficking and secretion” as well as those involved in transport and metabolism of lipids and nucleic acids (Tables 1 and 2). Together, these Sapitinib cell line findings suggest that Ery exposure invokes transcriptional responses that are more prominent in certain metabolic pathways and are influenced by the doses of the antibiotic. Several differentially www.selleckchem.com/products/SB-202190.html expressed genes were selected for detailed studies by generating insertional mutants in the study. The selection was based on their predicted or known functions (for the PMSR genes and the cj1169c-cj1170c operon) or the magnitude of differential expression (for the cj0423-cj0425 operon). Interestingly, mutation of these selected genes did not affect the susceptibility of C. jejuni to Ery, although their expression was check up-regulated in the presence of this antibiotic. This finding suggests that these genes are involved in the response to Ery treatment, but may not contribute directly to macrolide resistance. Alternatively,
these genes may contribute to Ery resistance when they are over expressed. This possibility is not examined in this study and remains to be evaluated. Additionally, functional redundancy of genes may compensate for the inactivation of the selected genes, preventing an obvious change in the susceptibility to Ery. PSMR transporters in other bacteria have been demonstrated to confer resistance to numerous toxic compounds including quaternary ammonium compounds, toxic lipophilic compounds, potentially toxic metabolites and polyamine compounds [21, 28, 29]. Not all PSMR proteins are associated with an antibiotic resistance phenotype [34], highlighting the diversity in substrate recognition by PSMR transporters. In C. jejuni, the substrates recognized and exported by Cj0309c-Cj0310c and Cj1173-Cj1174 remain unknown. However, their mutants showed reduced survival compared to the wild-type strain at 18.5% O2 (Figure 2A), suggesting that the PSMR proteins may contribute to Campylobacter survival under high-level oxygen tension such as the conditions encountered outside of the host during transmission.