Because gender differences have been observed in adolescent smoking patterns (Johnston et al., 2012) and in the association between sensation seeking and smoking (Doran et al., 2011), the effects of gender were examined in all the predictive models. In addition, because the prevalence of adolescent smoking varies selleck chemical Lenalidomide as a function of parental socioeconmic status (SES) (Soteriades & DiFranza, 2003), we included free or reduced lunch, an indicator of SES, as a covariate in all models. For those participants who had already completed the assessment at age 20/21, membership in the adolescent smoking classes was related to age 20/21 hookah use and cigarette use. METHOD Design and Sample The sample consisted of 963 children (487 girls and 476 boys) from the Oregon Youth Substance Use Project, 684 of whom had completed the age 20/21 assessment at the time of this report.

This is a longitudinal investigation of the etiology of substance use for which five grade cohorts (1st�C5th grades at the first assessment) of students from 15 elementary schools within one school district in Western Oregon were recruited and assessed annually or biennially. At age 20/21, participants were invited for an extensive in-person assessment at Oregon Research Institute. These assessments are ongoing. Using stratified random sampling (by school, grade, and gender), 2,127 students were invited to participate via invitations to their parents. Parents of 1,075 children gave consent for their child to participate (50.7%). At the first assessment (T1), an average of 215 students in each of the grade cohorts participated (N = 1,075; 50.

3% female) and the mean age at T1 was 9.0 years (SD = 1.45). Participants were representative of children in the school district in terms of race/ethnicity (i.e., primarily White) and participation in the free or reduced school lunch program (40%), but the 3rd and 5th grade cohorts had slightly higher achievement test scores on reading and math (for more details, see Andrews, Tildesley, Hops, Duncan, & Severson, 2003). To be included in the present study, participants had to have participated in at least one assessment when they were in 9th�C12th grades. The comparison of these 963 children with the 112 not included in this study (10% attrition) showed no differences on gender, free or reduced lunch, ethnicity, or sensation seeking.

Cohort differences examined at each grade identified only a few nonsystematic differences in sensation seeking, and no differences for smoking, so annual assessments were collapsed across cohorts to model the growth of sensation seeking from 4th AV-951 to 8th grade and the growth of smoking across 9th�C12th grade. Measures and Procedures Sensation Seeking This trait was measured by self-report questionnaire using three high-loading items from the Thrill and Adventure seeking subscale of the Sensation Seeking scale for elementary and middle school children developed by Russo et al.