It has been proved by in situ experiments that mixture of FA and tetramethylpyrazine showed the synergistic inhibitory effect on spontaneous

movement in rat [65]. FA utilizes the anthocyanin-type pigments present in tulip flowers having cosmetic properties to stabilize the rouge against oxidative discoloration [31]. FA also increases the stability of cytochrome c, and hence inhibits the apoptosis, which is induced by cytochrome c [88]. Recently, in vitro and in vivo angiogenic activity of FA via stimulation of the VEGF, PDGF and HIF-1α pathways has been done, and concluded that the angiogenic effects of FA occur via two pathways which are called as PI3K and MAPK pathway. FA is a new potential therapeutic agent for ischemic diseases [39]; it also enhances IgE binding selleckchem to pea nut allergens [13]. Different functional role and biomedical AZD2281 in vitro applications of FA are schematically represented in Fig. 5. It has been proved that FA acts as a β-secretase modulator with therapeutic potential against Alzheimer’s disease [53], and found to improve the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, liver, and kidneys in hypertensive rats [2]. Uses of FA grafted chitosan as an antioxidant in food, cosmetics, food packaging, biomedical and pharmaceutical is recently discovered [70].

In plants, environmental stress can be resolute by the use of FA amides with putrescine, tyramine or tryptamine. FA amides with amino acid or dipeptides are used as preservatives in baking [17]. Researchers have also proved that at lower concentration (25–50 μM), FA reduced the cell death in hippocampal neuronal cells induced by peroxyl radical, while at higher concentration (250–500 μM), it diminished the hydroxyl radicals induced by protein oxidation and peroxidation of lipid [30]. FA (200 μM) helped in the reduction of lipid peroxidation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced by H2O2[33]. Administration of FA for a very long time inhibits the expression of endothelial and inducible NOS (iNOS) in mouse, hippocampus and rat cortical Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase neurons

[12] and [76]. Here, this review article provides adequate information on natural sources, synthesis, structure, metabolism, and uses of FA in biomedical as well as other industries. Industries such as cosmetic, pharmaceutical, baking, ice cream, chocolate, food processing have high demand for FA. Most of the activities as shown by FA can be attributed to its potent antioxidant capacity because of conjugation in its nucleus and side chain. These investigations greatly support the regular ingestion of FA for providing significant protection associated with a range of oxidative stress related diseases. Significant efforts have been made for the development of biotechnological processes as the consumption of natural products in food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and other industries, and are increasing day by day that is why the demand and supply of natural products should be maintained.