No DNA product was detected in the absence of RNA. Transcript levels were quantified using ImageJ software [62] and normalized to ompA transcript levels. The primer extension experiments were carried out at least twice and similar results were obtained. Western analysis Total protein was prepared from cultures grown in LB at 37°C to OD600 ~ 3.0. Samples containing equal amounts of total protein equivalent to 0.03 OD600 units of cell culture were prepared and analyzed essentially as previously described [44]. Polyclonal antibodies against H-NS or Fis were used to detect the respective proteins. The western blots were developed

using ECL plus reagents (GE Healthcare) and quantified with a FluorChem imaging system (Alpha check details Innotech). The western analysis was carried out at least twice, and similar results Tucidinostat in vitro were obtained. Assay for the presence

of A/E lesions on HEp-2 cells The ability of EHEC EDL933 (ATCC 700927) wild type and its mutant derivatives to adhere and form A/E lesions on HEp-2 cell monolayers was evaluated using the fluorescent actin staining assay as described [53]. Bacterial cells were grown without aeration for 16–18 h at 37°C in tryptic soy broth that was supplemented with antibiotics if needed. Prior to infection cells were diluted 1:5 in infection medium (DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS and 0.5% mannose) and incubated at 37°C 5% CO2 for 2 h. About 2 × 106 bacteria (M.O.I. ~ 10) in 100 μl were added to VS-4718 nmr semi-confluent HEp-2 cell monolayers grown on glass coverslips in a 6-well plate (Multiwell™ Falcon #353046). After infection for 4–5 h, monolayers were fixed with 4% formamide

in PBS, washed three times with PBS, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS, and then stained with Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin (Invitrogen). Coverslips were mounted on slides using Prolong Gold antifade reagent (Invitrogen) and the edges of the coverslip were sealed with cytoseal-60 (Richard-Allan Scientific). The samples were visualized using a Zeiss Axiophot II microscope equipped with a 40X objective, epifluorescence filters and a 1.25 optovar (Carl mafosfamide Zeiss MicroImaging Inc.). Images were captured with a charge-coupled device camera (Micromax) using IPL lab software. For each bacterial strain the assay was carried out independently at least three times and at least 50 HEp-2 cells were visually examined. Acknowledgements We thank Darren Sledjeski for the antiserum against H-NS. We also thank lab members for interaction and discussion during the course of the study. This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research. References 1. Nataro JP, Kaper JB: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998, 11:142–201.PubMed 2. Karmali MA: Infection by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: an overview. Mol Biotechnol 2004, 26:117–122.PubMedCrossRef 3.