Number of additionally screened patients and ICERs associated with the reform were calculated as 1,061 (3,898 from 2,837) patients out of 100,000 participants and ¥9,325,663/QALY (US $103,618/QALY) for mandating serum Cr assay in addition to the currently used mandatory dipstick test (CH5183284 cell line Policy 1), and

611 (3,448 from 2,837) patients ¥9,001,414/QALY (US $100,016/QALY) for mandating serum Cr assay and applying dipstick test at discretion (Policy 2). The decrease selleckchem of new haemodialysis patients compared with do-nothing in the fifth year and tenth year were estimated as 0.293 %/1.128 % for dipstick test only, 5.092 %/4.380 % for serum Cr assay only, and 5.094 %/4.380 % for both. The decrease of new haemodialysis

patients associated Chk inhibitor with the reform was 1.249 %/1.346 % for Policy 1 and 1.251 %/1.346 % for Policy 2 Conclusions Taking a threshold to judge cost-effectiveness according to World Health Organization’s recommendation, i.e. three times gross domestic product per capita of ¥11.5 million/QALY (US $128 thousand/QALY), a policy that mandates serum Cr assay is cost-effective. The choice of continuing the current policy which mandates dipstick test only is also cost-effective. Results suggest that a population strategy for CKD detection such as mass screening using dipstick test and/or serum Cr assay can be justified as an efficient use of health care resources in a population with high prevalence of the disease Source Kondo et al. [12] Health care budget impact is defined as a forecast of rates of

use (or changes in rates of use) with their consequent short- and medium-term effects on budgets and other resources to help health service managers plan such changes [19]. We took the following three steps in our analysis: (1) the estimation of annual incremental budget per person, much (2) the estimation of annual number of adults who would uptake SHC and (3) the estimation of budget impact by combining the results from (1) and (2). The first step (1) was implemented on our economic model assuming that the annual economic model would be good for 15 years (Table 2). It included costs borne by adults and social insurers from the societal perspective, while costs of sectors other than health and productivity losses were uncounted. Costs expended by social insurers without discounting were counted as budgets. Costs for screening were fully borne by social insurers, and costs for further detailed examination and treatment at health facilities were 70 % reimbursed except in case of dialysis. Fixed co-payment for dialysis patients, ¥10,000 (US$100, US$1 =¥100) per month, was subtracted from the total cost. Assumed annual budgets per person are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Assumptions for budget impact analysis 1. The annual economic model is good for 15 years 2.