2-pyrrolidone and 4-hydroxyproline, cysteine and the disulfide sulfene Acid, 3 4 5 hydroxyleucine oxo histidine and 2 Zus Tzlich to protein oxidation generated ROS k Nnte also induce the cleavage of peptide bonds. Garrison also showed that alkoxyl radical derivatives and alkyl peroxide protein can either be cleaved by alpha-amidation pathways or di-amide. Another study showed that the oxidation, the glutamyl and aspartyl residues propyl also cause the cleavage of the peptide bond, resulting in protein fragmentation. The fragmented proteins Usually have highly reactive carbonyl groups, which was to protein carbonylation measured as a parameter for oxidative stress induced Zellsch Apology. Protein cross-linking is also a well-studied products of Strahlensch By the proteins Loan St. Oxidation of each Cysteine compounds to form mixed disulfides between protein thiol groups, and groups such as low molecular weight lead to GSH. In the absence of oxygen, can react two atoms of carbon-centered radicals and form cross-section CC of derivatives. Interaction of carbonyl groups of oxidized protein with the same or different proteins Leads to the formation of inter and intra-arm proteins. 3.2. Non-target effects of radiation genetic Ver Changes that occur due to exposure of cells to radiation, were considered the Rivaroxaban Xarelto most important event in the induction of carcinogenesis. But more evidence has shown that induced by the direct Sch Termination by radiation, it can also cause indirect Sch To disable the irradiated cells and thus a general genomic instability, the so-called process Ph Phenomenon of spectators. Bystander effect changes all genetic Ver In the cells that were not directly exposed to radiation caused together.
The exact mechanism behind the bystander effect is still at an early stage. The transmission of signals from irradiated cells to non-irradiated is still a subject of debate. A l ideologies Sst on the participation of gap junctions or the release of some L Soluble factors in the extracellular Ren matrix, for communication between cells. It has been shown that the irradiation was little, if only 1% of the cell population Descr Nkt, the effect in nearly 30% in the form seen by exchange sisters. This principle has gained importance when a study showed that conditioned medium from cells irradiated taken, added to unirradiated cells induced DSBs and the formation of micronuclei. This is Haupts Chlich by the release of l Soluble factors such as free radicals, growth factors and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-a nucleotide, inosine, and interleukin 8, tumor growth factor b and lipid peroxidation end products. In general, the lifetime of these free radicals in the range of nanoseconds, but the remains were of a life of more than 20 h demonstrated in several studies. Another explanation: challenge for the bystander effect have been a study that the finished products will be released in the event of lipid peroxidation in irradiated cells, the function of the second messenger, which would signal the end where repair or apoptosis demonstrated in the cells. Another important result of the bystander effect is the induction of genomic instability, leading to chromosomal rearrangements variety that accumulated over.