The methods archeologists typically use to search for such evidence are increasingly sophisticated. Archeologists have long been practiced at analyzing a variety of artifacts and cultural features (burials, houses, temples, etc.) to describe broad variation in human technologies and societies through space and time (e.g., Clark, 1936, Morgan, 1877 and Osborn, 1916). Since the 1950s, however, with the development and continuous improvement of radiocarbon (14C), potassium/argon (K/A), optimal stimulated luminescence (OSL), and other

chronometric dating techniques, archeological chronologies have Bosutinib become increasingly accurate and refined. Since the 1960s, archeologists analyzing faunal remains systematically collected from archeological sites have accumulated impressive data bases that allow broad comparisons at increasingly higher resolution for many parts of the world. Pollen data from paleontological and archeological sequences have accumulated during the past 50 years, and data on phytoliths and macrobotanical remains are increasingly common and sophisticated. Isotope and trace selleck chemical element studies for both artifacts and biological remains have provided

a wealth of data on past human diets, the structure of ancient faunal populations, and the nature of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems these organisms inhabited. More recently, the analysis of modern and ancient DNA has contributed to our understanding of the spread of humans around the globe (see Oppenheimer, 2004 and Wells, 2002), animal and plant dispersals, and changes in ancient ecosystems. Finally, the rapid development of historical Orotic acid ecology, ecosystem management practices, and the growing recognition that humans have played active and significant roles in shaping past ecosystems for millennia has encouraged interdisciplinary and collaborative research among archeologists, biologists, ecologists, geographers, historians, paleontologists, and other scholars. Today, the accumulation of such data from sites around the

world and at increasingly higher resolution allows archeologists to address questions, hypotheses, and theories that would have been unthinkable to earlier generations of scholars. Such archeological data can also be compared with long and detailed paleoecological records of past climate and other environmental changes retrieved from glacial ice cores, marine or lacustrine sediments, tree-rings, and other sources, so that human evolution can now be correlated over the longue durée with unprecedented records of local, regional, and global ecological changes. As a result, we are now better prepared to understand human-environmental interactions around the world than at any time in history. One of the issues that archeological data are ideally suited to address is the question of when humans dominated the earth and how that process of domination unfolded. Roughly 2.