Water, bile, enzymes, and mucous contribute to the change in consistency. Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover-food residue liquid has passed through the small intestine, it then moves onto the large intestine for expulsion. Lastly bile toxicity has been related to apoptosis and necrosis, not bacteria infection which has been demonstrated in several studies. The absence of I-BET-762 chemical structure evidence of disease transmission to other reef organisms is promising for field testing.

The doses of oxbile required to kill A. planci, concentration 4 g l−1 at 10 ml volume (single injection) are very low compared to doses used when injecting sodium bisulfate, 140 g l−1 concentration at 60 ml volumes (multiple injections) ( Kayal etal., 2011). The amount of oxbile 5-FU purchase injected is only 0.04 mg/sea star which is distributed in A. planci tissues and it will be attacked, englobed and partially degraded by the sea star immune cells and expelled through the water vascular system as part of the regular functions of the immune system. More importantly, many bacteria are capable of transforming and degrading bile in the digestive tract and in the environment ( Hofmann

and Hagey, 2008 and Bodo, 2011). Bacterial bile salt transformation and degradation is of high ecological relevance and also essential for the biotechnological production of steroid drugs (Bodo, 2011). Thus, A. planci remains containing bile salts will be constantly degraded by different mechanisms. Normally, considerable amount of bile salts is released into the environment Exoribonuclease with faeces and urine of

vertebrates. Bile salts cholate, glycocholate, deoxycholate and glycodeoxycholate are also produced and degraded by marine bacteria ( Bode et al., 2003, Maneerat et al., 2005 and Kim et al., 2007). Moreover, aerobic bacteria are able to grow with bile salts as sole source of carbon and energy. For energy conservation, these bacteria oxidase steroid compounds completely to CO2. In the water column, petromyzonol sulfate which is the major bile salt in sea lampreys is subject to microbial degradation ( Hagey et al., 2010). On the GBR, eradication of outbreaks populations of A. planci are predicted to reverse the current trend of declining coral cover ( De’ath et al., 2012). The low doses (concentration and volume) and limited risk of unintended casualties make oxbile and oxgall good candidates for field testing as a novel control method for A. planci. This new approach, coupled with strategic measures to improve water quality, could mitigate the effects of A. planci on coral communities and enable gradual recovery of coral assemblages and reef ecosystems. “
“The authors wish to correct the accidental omission of three of the author names from their poster abstract printed in J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013;14:B17-B18. The Author line should be corrected to: “Author(s): Renee M.