Logistic regression analysis showed that T869C polymorphism is a significant risk factor for osteopenia/osteoporosis. We concluded that T869C polymorphism of the TGF-beta 1 gene has an impact on decreased serum TGF-beta 1 levels and influences susceptibility to osteopenia/osteoporosis in Thai women.”
“The optical properties of a composite metamaterial, composed of asymmetric split-ring resonators (SRR) inserted into the periodic circular

holes, have been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Transmission peaks and dip associated with the localized plasmon excitations have been found: the peaks originate from IACS-10759 the resonances of the smaller or bigger SRR, and the dip stems from the strong coupling between them. To understand the results, a composite LC circuit model has been employed.

(C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3587163]“
“PURPOSE To assess changes in selleck products patient-reported outcomes, satisfaction, vision quality, and visual acuity after bilateral implantation of multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) with a 3 00 D addition (add) in cataract patients

SETTING Twelve study centers, United States

DESIGN Randomized multicenter clinical trial

METHODS In this 6-month trial, cataract patients had bilateral implantation of the AcrySof IQ ReSTOR +30 IOL (model SN6AD1) Patient-reported outcomes were collected using the Cataract TyPE questionnaire Clinical outcomes included uncorrected near (UNVA) uncorrected intermediate (UIVA), and uncorrected distance (UDVA) visual acuities

RESULTS The study comprised

147 patients Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor From preoperatively to 6 months postoperatively, the mean UDVA improved from 0 45 logMAR (approximate Snellen, 20/56) to 0 04 logMAR (20/22 Snellen), the mean UIVA from 0 56 logMAR (20/73) to 0 17 logMAR (20/30) and the mean UNVA from 062 logMAR (20/83) to 0 10 logMAR (20/25), all improvements were clinically and statistically significant (P< 0001) There was also a statistically significant improvement in patient satisfaction with uncorrected vision (P< 0001) Clinically and statistical significant reductions occurred in trouble with vision (daytime and nighttime), trouble with glare limitations with UDVA, limitations with UNVA, and limitations in social activities (P< 0001)

CONCLUSIONS Bilateral implantation of multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) with a 3 00 D add produced statistic ally significant and clinically relevant postoperative improvements in UNVA UIVA, and UDVA Commensurate significant postoperative improvements were observed in the patient-reported uncorrected functional vision, satisfaction with uncorrected vision and social activities”
“Phyllanthus niruri is a medicinal plant (commonly known as stone breaker) found in the tropics and other parts of the world.

The CD4 T cells, but neither CD8 nor NK cells, mediated the detrimental effect of allo-Ag sensitization in liver IRI. Furthermore, CD154, but not IFN-gamma, was the key mechanism in allo-Tx recipients to facilitate IR-triggered liver damage. These results provide new evidence that alloreactive CD4 T cells are capable of enhancing innate tissue inflammation and organ injury via an Ag-nonspecific CD154-dependent but IFN-gamma independent mechanism.”
“20Au/(d)Fe/GaAs(001) structures were deposited using molecular beam epitaxy, where Fe thickness d = (5…90) atomic layers. Interface anisotropies were investigated using the in-plane angular dependence

of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). Intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to magnetic damping were investigated using FMR linewidth (Delta H) measurements at 9, 24, 36, and 72 GHz (in-plane configuration) AZD2014 cost and 9, 24, and 36 GHz (perpendicular configuration). The in-plane cubic and uniaxial perpendicular anisotropies were well described by the bulk and interface contributions indicating that the Fe films have a high lattice coherence and high critical Curie temperature T-c. The in-plane uniaxial anisotropy is more complex and will be discussed in detail. The frequency dependence of Delta H(f) was analyzed using the Gilbert damping, two magnon scattering,

and long range magnetic inhomogeneity contributions. The thickness dependence of the Gilbert

damping parameter alpha was found to be well described by the bulk and interface terms. (C) MAPK Inhibitor Library 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3556786]“
“OBJECTIVE: To determine the most frequent food allergens causing immediate hypersensitivity reactions in Swiss children of Selleckchem Napabucasin different age groups and to investigate the clinical manifestation of IgE-mediated food allergies in young patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was a prospective analysis of children referred for assessment of immediate type I food hypersensitivity reactions. The diagnostic strategy included a careful history, skin prick tests with commercial extracts and native foods, in vitro determination of specific IgE to food proteins and food challenges when appropriate. A total of 278 food allergies were identified in 151 children with a median age of 1.9 years at diagnosis.

RESULTS: Overall, the most frequent food allergens were hen’s egg (23.7%), cow’s milk (20.1%), peanut (14.0%), hazelnut (10.4%), wheat (6.1%), fish (4.3%), kiwi and soy (2.2% each). In infancy, cow’s milk, hen’s egg and wheat were the most common allergens. In the second and third year of life however, the top three food allergens were hen’s egg, cow’s milk and peanut, whereas above the age of 3 years, peanut was number one, followed by hen’s egg and fish. Overall, urticaria (59.

In all cases, this feature was originally overlooked. The patients were 3 men and 1 woman, ranging in age at diagnosis from 29 to 66 years. Locations included nose (2), forehead (1),

and the fifth toe (1). Histopathologically, all 4 neoplasms demonstrated typical features of a benign apocrine mixed tumor; 2 cases were classified as hyaline cell-rich tumors. In all cases, there were either blood or lymphatic vessels containing small intraluminal collections of neoplastic cells, which had the appearances of hyaline cells and immunohistochemically expressed cytokeratins and were partly immunoreactive for S-100 protein and calponin, thus indicating the myoepithelial phenotype. The intravascular Quisinostat solubility dmso location of the neoplastic cells was confirmed by CD31 staining. The nature of the vessels (lymphatics vs. blood vessels) was supported by staining for alpha smooth muscle actin, which stained pericytes in blood vessels. Lymphatic vessels were also stained for D2-40. No eccrine mixed tumor manifested intravascular tumor deposits. Follow-up of the patients revealed no recurrences or metastasis

(range: 2-21 years). It is concluded that occurrence of intravascular involvement in benign apocrine mixed tumor of the skin is rare (approximately 1%-2%). This feature is discrete and is easy to overlook. At present, its significance is not completely clear. Until proved otherwise in future, we suggest to consider intravascular deposits in cutaneous apocrine mixed tumors as an innocuous phenomenon.”
“Background: Epithelial PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 ovarian cancer is one of the leading check details causes of gynaecological cancer morbidity and mortality in women. Early stage ovarian cancer is usually asymptomatic, therefore, is often first diagnosed when it is widely disseminated. Currently available diagnostics lack the requisite sensitivity and specificity to be implemented as community-based screening tests. The identification of additional biomarkers may improve the diagnostic efficiency of multivariate index assays. The aims of this study were to characterise and compare the ovarian tissue immunohistochemical localisation and plasma concentrations

of three putative ovarian cancer biomarkers: human cationic antimicrobial protein-18 (hCAP-18); lactoferrin; and CD163 in normal healthy women and women with ovarian cancer.

Methods: In this case-control cohort study, ovarian tissue and blood samples were obtained from 164 women (73 controls, including 28 women with benign pelvic masses; 91 cancer, including 21 women with borderline tumours). Localisation of each antigen within the ovary was assessed by immunohistochemistry and serum concentrations determined by ELISA assays.

Results: Immunoreactive (ir) hCAP-18 and lactoferrin were identified in epithelial cells, while CD163 was predominately localised in stromal cells. Tissue ir CD163 increased significantly (P<0.05) with disease grade.

However, satisfying the nitrogen

and B-vitamin needs of the bacteria by supplementation with yeast extract and/or other alternative nitrogen-containing supplements can make the process too expensive.

RESULTS: Using a statistical optimization process much of the yeast extract can be replaced by a cheaper alternative nitrogen source, namely wheat gluten. This resulted in a fermentation with 99% lactic acid yield and 3.04 g L(-1) h(-1) volumetric productivity.

CONCLUSION: Caspase inhibitor clinical trial Using response surface methodology (RSM) media optimization was performed for lactic acid fermentation with an industrially acceptable result, reducing the costs of raw materials by half, replacing yeast extract by an alternative nitrogen source and applying yeast extract only as a source of micro-elements (vitamins, salts, etc.) (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Objective: Silmitasertib concentration alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is an anti-protease, anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective molecule. Normal circulating levels are <3.5 mg/dl and

rise during pregnancy. Although AAT deficiency is associated with several pregnancy and placental disorders, little is known regarding AAT levels and preeclampsia. Since unopposed inflammation might contribute to preeclampsia, we studied whether preeclampsia is associated with lower than normal levels and activity of AAT. Methods: In a prospective case-control study, we compared maternal serum AAT activity and levels between patients with severe preeclampsia (n = 23) and without preeclampsia (n = 18). Results: AAT levels were 1.91 +/- 0.08-fold lower check details in the preeclampsia group compared to healthy group (3.854 +/- 0.26 vs. 7.397 +/- 0.34 mg/ml; p < 0.001), and correlated with protease inhibitory capacity (46.56 +/- 2.08% vs. 67.08 +/- 1.74%; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings show association between lower AAT

levels and severe preeclampsia during pregnancy. Further studies are required to identify the mechanism behind the association, and the possibility of safe AAT augmentation for individuals with insufficient circulating AAT.”
“Background: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), widely known as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), are thought to result from an inappropriate activation of the mucosal immune system driven by intestinal bacterial flora.

Methods: Although the extraintestinal manifestations of IBD are well documented, the association of IBD with neurologic and neuromuscular involvement is rare and often controversial, with sporadic and conflicting data on its prevalence and spectrum. In addition, a serious number of the latter manifestations may become life-threatening, playing a very important role in disease morbidity.

In the HACMC group, HACMC solution was instilled onto the surface of

the implant and then the implant was inserted. The implants Belnacasan research buy were harvested at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery (3 implants each period). Hematoxylin and eosin, Masson trichrome, and CD31 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1) stains were performed for evaluation of inflammation, fibrosis, and vascularization.

Inflammation appeared less severe in the HACMC group, but the difference between the 2 groups was not statistically significant. The degree of fibrosis was more severe in the control group. There were significant differences in the degree of fibrosis between the 2 groups 4 and 8 weeks after surgery (P = 0.046). The amount of vascularization was similar in both groups.

The HACMC solution seemed to be effective for reducing postoperative adhesion

in reconstruction of blow-out fractures in a rabbit model. Our Prexasertib supplier results suggest that the application of HACMC solution could be an effective adjunct for the repair of trap-door fractures or revision of blow-out fractures.”
“Purpose Approximately 5% of differentiated thyroid carcinomas are of familial origin. These familial nonmedullary thyroid carcinomas (FNMTC) have an increased risk of multifocal disease and lymph node involvement. Consequently, higher recurrence rates and decreased disease-specific survival rates are described. The best surgical approach is discussed controversially.

Patients and methods A survey among the international members of the German Society of Endocrine Surgeons

revealed 20 families with two or more first-degree relatives FG-4592 supplier with FNMTC. The mean age of the 41 patients (30 female, 11 male) with FNMTC was 40.6 years (18-73 years).

Results Total thyroidectomy was performed in 31 of 41 patients (76%). Ninety-five percent of the tumors were papillary carcinomas. Two of 41 patients had follicular carcinomas. Ten patients (24%) with papillary carcinomas were diagnosed with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The mean tumor size was 1.45 cm. FNMTC was multifocal in 12 patients (29%). A systematic lymph node dissection was performed in 21 of 41 patients (51%). Lymph nodes metastases were found in seven of these 21 patients. Twenty-eight of the patients (68%) underwent postoperative radioiodine ablation. After a mean follow-up of 7.2 years, 39 patients (95%) were disease free. One patient developed local recurrence and lung metastases, 10 and 25 years, respectively, after initial diagnosis. Another patient died 2 years postoperatively from advanced metastatic disease.

Conclusions FNMTC is associated with an early onset of small, mostly papillary thyroid carcinomas and an increased risk of multifocality and lymph node involvement. Total thyroidectomy and systematic neck dissection are recommended together with radioiodine ablation. Screening for first-degree relatives should start at age 18 years.

The compounds 8c, 8e, 8h and 8i, were non-cytotoxic and exhibited an important minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

activity between 25 and 100 mu g/mL, which can be compared with that of the tuberculostatic drug D-cicloserine (5-20 mu g/mL).”
“We present an optical gas sensor based on the classical nondispersive infrared technique using ultracompact photonic crystal gas cells. The ultracompact device is conceptually based on low group velocities inside a photonic LY2835219 cost crystal gas cell and low-reflectivity antireflection layers coupling light into the device. Experimentally, an enhancement of the CO2 infrared absorption by a factor of 2.6 to 3.5 as compared to an empty cell, due to slow light inside a 2D silicon photonic crystal gas cell, was observed; this is in excellent agreement with numerical simulations. We show that, theoretically, for an optimal design enhancement factors of up to 60 are possible in the region of slow light. However, the overall transmission of bulk photonic crystals, and thus the performance of the device,

is limited by fluctuations of the pore diameter. Numerical estimates suggest Pevonedistat chemical structure that the positional variations and pore diameter fluctuations have to be well below 0.5% to allow for a reasonable transmission of a 1 mm device. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics.

[doi:10.1063/1.3575176]“
“Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular Screening Library high throughput protozoan parasite that infects a wide variety of warm-blooded hosts and can have devastating effects in the developing fetus as well as the immunocom promised host. An appreciation of how this organism interacts with the host immune system is crucial to understanding the pathogenesis of this disease. The last decade has been marked by the application of various imaging techniques, such as bioluminescent imaging as well as confocal and multiphoton microscopy to study toxoplasmosis. The ability to manipulate parasites to express fluorescent/bioluminescent markers or model antigens/enzymes combined with the development of reporter mice that allow the detection of distinct immune populations have been crucial to the success of many of these studies. These approaches have permitted the visualization of parasites and immune cells in real-time and provided new insights into the nature of host-pathogen interactions. This article highlights some of the advances in imaging techniques, their strengths and weaknesses, and how these techniques have impacted our understanding of the interaction between parasites and various immune populations during toxoplasmosis.

Transplant outcome (acute rejection in the first 12 months and patient survival up to 5 years post-transplant) was determined.

Results: Patients treated with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) prior to transplantation (n = 28) had higher levels of sCD30 (median 64 U/ml, range 12 to 112 U/ml) than those Temsirolimus price (n = 172) with no LVAD (median 36 U/ml, range 1 to 158 U/ml, p < 0.0001). Recipients were categorized according to whether sCD30 levels were “”low”" (lower quartile, <24 U/ml, n = 50), “”intermediate”" (24 to 58 U/ml, n = 100) or “”high”" (tipper quartile, >58 U/ml, n = 50). Neither acute

rejection nor recipient survival differed according to sCD30 level, with values (mean +/- SEM) of 0.30 +/- 0.04, 0.23 0.03 and 0.30 +/- 0.05 acute rejection episodes per 100 days in the low, intermediate and high groups, respectively, with recipient

survival rates at 1 year of 77.7%, 84.9% and 86% and at 5 years of 73.6%, 67.9% and 75.8%, respectively.

Conclusions: Pre-transplant serum sCD30 level does not predict acute allograft rejection or recipient survival after heart transplantation, although sCD30 levels are increased by LVAD, possibly as a result of biomaterial-host immune interaction. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28:1206-10. Copyright (C) 2009 by the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.”
“Objective-To determine the frequency of and risk factors for complications associated with AZD1152 chemical structure casts in horses.

Design-Multicenter retrospective case series.

Animals-398 horses with a CHIR98014 half-limb or full-limb cast treated at 1 of 4 hospitals.

Procedures-Data collected from medical records included age, breed, sex, injury, limb affected, time from injury to hospital admission, surgical procedure performed, type of cast (bandage cast

[BC; fiberglass tape applied over a bandage] or traditional cast ITC; fiberglass tape applied over polyurethane resin-impregnated foam]), limb position in cast (flexed, neutral, or extended), and complications. Risk factors for cast complications were identified via multiple logistic regression.

Results-Cast complications were detected in 197 of 398 (49%) horses (18/53 [34%] horses with a BC and 179/345 [52%] horses with a TC). Of the 197 horses with complications, 152 (77%) had clinical signs of complications prior to cast removal; the most common clinical signs were increased lameness severity and visibly detectable soft tissue damage. Cast sores were the most common complication (179/398 [45%] horses). Casts broke for 20 (5%) horses. Three (0.8%) horses developed a bone fracture attributable to casting. Median time to detection of complications was 12 days and 8 days for horses with TCs and BCs, respectively. Complications developed in 71%, 48%, and 47% of horses with the casted limb in a flexed, neutral, and extended position, respectively.

Three different grades of commercially

available PLAs and one type of PHBV were blended in different ratios of 50/50, 60/40, 70/30, and 80/20 (PHBV/PLA) using a micro-compounder at 175 degrees C. The DSC and TGA analysis showed the blends were immiscible due to different stereo configuration of PLA polymer and two selleck screening library distinct melting temperatures. However, some compatibility between PHBV and PLA polymers was observed due to decreases in PLA’s glass transition temperatures. Additionally, the blends do not show clear separation by SEM analysis, as observed in the thermal analysis. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“Purpose: The aim of our study was to clarify the accumulation and distribution of uranium in depleted uranium (DU) implanted rats. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were surgically implanted in gastrocnemius muscle with DU fragments at 3 dose levels (low, medium and high), and biologically inert tantalum (Ta) fragments high throughput screening compounds were used as controls. At 1 day and 7, 30, 90, 180 and 360 days after implantation, the rats were euthanized and tissue samples including serum and urine were collected to analyze the uranium levels by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results: At all time points, uranium

levels in all the DU implanted groups were higher than that in Ta control group, and uranium concentrations in kidney and bone were significantly greater than that in other tissues. Otherwise, uranium concentrations increased with a close correlation to the implanted DU doses and duration of exposure, p38 MAPK signaling with a peak at 90 days post-implantation, after which followed by a decreasing period, but still maintained at a relatively high level even at 360 days post-implantation. The uranium concentrations in bone were 6.92 +/- 0.97 mu g U/g, 16.35 +/- 1.67 mu g U/g and 21.64 +/- 3.68 mu g U/g in the low-, medium- and high-dose group animals, while values in kidney tissues were 10.66 +/- 1.10 mu g U/g, 14.06 +/- 1.28 mu g U/g and 17.79 +/- 2.87 mu g U/g,

respectively, at 360 days post-implantation. Conclusion: It was concluded that kidney and bone are the primary reservoirs for uranium redistributed from intramuscularly embedded fragments, and the accumulations in kidney, bone and many other tissues suggest the potential for unanticipated physiological consequences of chronic exposure to DU.”
“To evaluate the complication rate in women with genital tuberculosis undergoing vaginal hysterectomy.

A retrospective study of seven women who underwent vaginal hysterectomy and anterior and posterior colpoperineorraphy for uterovaginal prolapse and found to have genital tuberculosis and 63 women who underwent vaginal hysterectomy during the same period without genital TB.

The mean age was 52.7 in the study group as compared to 47.

Design. Open label with waiting room control. Setting. Tertiary care, university-based, outpatient pain management clinic. Subjects. A convenience sample of fibromyalgia patients was obtained through advertisements posted in the clinic. Interventions.

Participants SYN-117 in vivo were able to spend clinic waiting time with a certified therapy dog instead of waiting in the outpatient waiting area. When the therapy dog was not available, individuals remained in the waiting area. Outcome Measures. Self-reported pain, fatigue, and emotional distress were recorded using 11-point numeric rating scales before and after the therapy dog visit or waiting room time. Results. Data were evaluated from 106 therapy dog visits and 49 waiting room

controls, with no significant between-group demographic differences in participants. Average intervention duration was 12 minutes for the therapy dog visit and 17 minutes for the waiting room control. Significant improvements were reported for pain, mood, and other measures of distress among patients after the therapy dog visit, but not the waiting room control. Clinically meaningful pain relief (=2 points pain severity reduction) occurred in 34% after the therapy dog visit and 4% in the waiting room control. Outcome was not affected by the presence of comorbid anxiety or depression. Conclusions. Brief therapy dog ATM/ATR phosphorylation visits may provide a valuable complementary therapy for fibromyalgia outpatients.”
“An intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coil isolate from calf diarrhea, containing the iutA, f17A, afa-8D, and cnf2 genes, was able to cause avian Vadimezan molecular weight colibacillosis after experimental infection in chickens. lntra-tracheal inoculation and spray of this strain caused 10% of mortality and gross lesions, including airsacculitis, pericarditis, and perihepatitis. These results suggest that some bovine pathogenic E. coil can cause extraintestinal infections in other animal species. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective To translate the original

English version of the Profile of Chronic Pain: Screen (PCP:S) into Brazilian Portuguese and examine basic psychometric properties of the translated version. We investigated ceiling and floor effects, internal consistency, factor structure, convergent validity, and the ability of the Brazilian PCP:S (B-PCP:S) to discriminate persons with pain who were either employed or not working, or in treatment or not in treatment. Methods The Brazilian Portuguese version of the Profile of Chronic Pain: Screen (B-PCP:S) was administered to a sample of 414 adults (men?=?67). Pain catastrophizing was also assessed. Subsamples with special conditions (working despite pain [N?=?116] vs not working due to pain [N?=?122], and not receiving treatment for pain [N?=?119] vs receiving treatment [N?=?119]) were identified to investigate the discriminative properties of B-PCP:S. Results For the B-PCP:S, Cronbach’s a values were 0.

The impact of these factors represents a meaningful clinical difference in SRS-22 performance.”
“Objectives. To determine the types of practitioners who most commonly refer and the film type and diagnostic entities Sotrastaurin datasheet that are most frequently submitted for oral radiologic consultation in Ontario, Canada.

Study design. A total of 430 referral letters and responses from 2 Ontario oral radiologists from 2003 to 2005 were analyzed. Data collected included the specialty of the referring practitioner, the film type(s) submitted, the radiographic density of the entity of interest, and the interpretation by the radiologist.

Results. General practitioners (58.9%) and oral surgeons (21.5%)

were the most frequently referring practitioner types, representing 1.2% and 17.1% respectively of each group practicing in Ontario. Also, 18.2% of oral pathologists Ion Channel Ligand Library manufacturer referred. Panoramic radiographs (79.5%) were included in referrals more often than intraoral radiographs (46.0%). Of the entities, 37.0% were radiopacities, 27.4% were radiolucencies, and 13.5% had mixed radiopaque-radiolucent density. The radiologists interpreted normal features

(55.6%) most often.

Conclusion. Panoramic radiographs with normal findings were submitted to oral radiologists for consultation most frequently in Ontario. (Oral Surg Oral Med 5-Fluoracil mouse Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: e86-e91)”
“Poly(acrylamide-diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride-vinyl trimethoxy silane) [P (AM-DAD-MAC-VTMS)] was prepared by inverse free-radical emulsion polymerization technique. VTMS segment was hydrolyzed and condensed to form three dimensional networks. The effects of different factors, such as hydrophobic monomer feed ratio, cationic monomer feed ratio, pH value, and NaCl concentration, on decolorization efficiency

were studied. Moreover, the decolorization mechanism was also explained by analyzing FTIR spectra and UV-vis spectra. The introduction of VTMS on flocculant enhanced removal efficiency of dye molecules. With the increasing VTMS, adsorption and net roofing-sweeping action of hydrophobically modified cationic polyacrylamide played the dominant role in the decoloring process of anion dye. VC 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 119: 1602-1609, 2011″
“Study Design. Retrospective review of a prospectively collected database.

Objective. The Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) collects morbidity and mortality (M and M) data from its members. Our objectives were to assess complication rates for 3 common spine procedures, compare these results with prior literature as a means of validating the database, and to assess rates of pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in all cases reported to the SRS over 4 years.

Summary of Background Data.