Analysis of amplified 16S rRNA gene sequences was done in comparison with the RDP II database (match length >1200 nucleotides). The percentages of the phylogenetically classified sequences are plotted on y-axis. The detailed affiliation of different phylotypes with their closest neighbour in database is presented in Additional file 4: Table S1. The majority of phylotypes that GSK1210151A mw belong to Alphaproteobacteria were from AS clone library. These OTUs were related (85-99%) to Rhizobiales, Sphingomonadales and Rhodospirillales while six OTUs from SS1 & SS2 libraries showed affiliation (89-99%)

to Rhodobacterales, Rhizobiales and Rhodospirillales. A cluster of 25 sequences from AS clone library (7 OTUs), which contributes 58.7% of the total AS Betaproteobacterial population were related (87-99%) to Limnobacter thiooxidans from family Burkholderiaceae, formed one of its largest cluster. The only SS1 OTU HSS79 showed 97% similarity ACP-196 concentration to uncultured Betaproteobacteria whereas no OTU was observed in SS2 clone library. The 22 OTUs (4 from selleck products AS and 18 from SS1 & SS2 clone libraries) were related to different species of uncultured Gammaproteobacteria. Most of the SS1 & SS2 clone sequences were related to cultured bacteria like Salinisphaeraceae bacterium, Methylohalomonas lacus, sulphur-oxidizing bacterium and Marinobacter

species. The presence of sulphur-oxidizing and Marinobacter bacteria Sucrase in saline soils may suggest the presence of sulphur in these saline environments. These saline soils

indeed contain sulphur (Table 1). Deltaproteobacterial OTUs from SS1 & SS2 clone libraries formed a tight cluster with deep sea bacterium, uncultured Deltaproteobacteria and Marinobacterium. OTUs belonging to photoautotrophic Cyanobacteria and chemoautotrophic nitrifying Nitrospira were found only in AS clone library. Two phylotypes BSS159 and BSS49 were related (91%) to Cyanobacteria and uncultured Nitrospira, respectively and more may be present as rarefaction curves did not reached saturation, although started to level off. The photoautotrophic Chloroflexi related sequences were mostly from SS1 & SS2 clone libraries within the families Caldilineaceae, Sphaerobacteraceae and Anaerolineaceae. One OTU RS187 had 88% homology with Sphaerobacter thermophilus, no other OTUs were more than 91% similar to that of any described organism (Additional file 4: Table S1). There were only two OTUs from AS clone library which showed affiliation (>92%) to uncultured Chloroflexi. van der Meer et al. (2005) [27] suggested that Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexi utilize different spectra of light, and CO2 from the atmosphere for photosynthesis. Firmicutes related sequences were found mostly in AS and SS2 clone library. One phylotype RS190 was affiliated with Bacillus polygoni (95%) a moderately halophilic, non-motile, obligate alkaliphile isolated from indigo balls.

3, scheme A. Since the iron-restricted growth of S. see more check details aureus Δsfa sbnA::Tc and S. aureus Δsfa sbnB::Tc mutants was restored in the presence of L-Dap, we hypothesized that this was due to the mutants’ renewed ability to synthesize staphyloferrin B. To verify this, we performed a chrome azurol S (CAS) assay on concentrated and methanol-extracted culture supernatants of several mutant derivatives of S. aureus Δsfa (grown under iron starvation) to quantify their

siderophore production (Figure 2B and 2C). Consistent with the growth phenotype illustrated in Figure 2A, amendment of growth media with L-Dap allowed siderophore production by S. aureus Δsfa sbnA::Tc and Δsfa sbnB::Tc (Figure 2C). Interestingly, supplementation

of the parental strain (Δsfa) with L-Dap enhanced the level of staphyloferrin B output by approximately five-fold (Figure 2C cf. Figure 2B). As a final method to demonstrate that the siderophore Y-27632 ic50 secreted by S. aureus Δsfa sbnA::Tc or Δsfa sbnB::Tc mutants, in media supplemented with L-Dap, was indeed staphyloferrin B, we performed plate-disk growth promotion assays by spotting culture supernatants onto sterile paper disks that were then placed onto TMS agar seeded with various S. aureus siderophore transport mutants (Figure 2D). Only culture supernatants from S. aureus sbnA::Tc or sbnB::Tc mutants that were fed L-Dap promoted the growth of seeded S. aureus Δhts and its isogenic wild-type strain, but strains containing a mutation in the sirA gene (encoding the receptor lipoprotein for staphyloferrin B) did not grow. Moreover, no growth-promoting siderophore was produced by sbnA or sbnB mutants grown in media Ceramide glucosyltransferase lacking L-Dap (Figure 2D). LC-ESI-MS/MS was used for confirmation of staphyloferrin B presence in methanol-extracted culture

supernatants of complemented mutants (data not shown); spectra were as published previously [17]. When iron-restricted growth media were supplemented with several other molecules that were predicted substrates or byproducts of an SbnA-SbnB reaction (e.g. L-ornithine, L-proline, and O-acetyl-L-serine) according to the models illustrated in Figure 3, scheme A, we noted that none rescued the iron-restricted growth of sbnA or sbnB mutants in the Δsfa background (Figure 2E). This leads us to conclude that none of these molecules can be modified into L-Dap by alternative S. aureus enzymes. Figure 3 Proposed schemes for SbnA- and SbnB-dependent synthesis of L-Dap. Scheme A is adapted from Thomas et al. [18] for which the functions of SbnA and SbnB are analogous to the proposed functions VioB and VioK, respectively. The proposed functions of SbnA in schemes B-D remain as a β-replacement enzyme while SbnB is proposed to be an NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase of the indicated amino acid.

Analysis of the respiratory chain of the organism is important for understanding the mechanism of aerobic growth in such environments. However, there Evofosfamide supplier are only a few reports about the bioenergetics of A. pernix. Many bacteria and archaea have 2 to 6 terminal oxidases in the respiratory chain [3]. The heme-copper oxidase superfamily can be classified into 3 subfamilies (A-, B-, and C-type) on

the basis of the amino acid sequence of subunit I [4, 5]. The group of A-type oxidases includes mitochondrial cytochrome aa 3-type cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) and many other bacterial oxidases. In contrast, B-type oxidases have been identified mainly from extremophiles, including thermophilic bacteria, such as Geobacillus thermodenitrificans (formerly called Bacillus thermodenitrificans) [6, 7] and Thermus thermophilus [8], and archaea, such as Sulfolobus acidocaldarius [9]. check details Analysis of the complete genome sequence of A. pernix has shown that it contains A- and B-type heme-copper terminal oxidases (Figure 1). Ishikawa et al. isolated 2 terminal oxidases from A. pernix and designated them as cytochrome ba 3-type (B-type)

and aa 3-type (A-type) cytochrome c oxidases, SC79 in vitro respectively [10]. Both oxidases have a CuA binding motif, but its substrates have not been identified in the genome sequence. Figure 1 Schematic representation of the respiratory chain of Aeropyrum pernix K1. Genes encoding cytochrome c oxidase and other Fossariinae respiratory components in

the bacterium are indicated. ORFs APE_1719.1, APE_1724.1 and APE_1725 encode the cytochrome c 553 complex which was isolated in this study. ORFs APE_0792.1, APE_0793.1 and APE_0795.1, annotated as aoxABC genes, encode an A-type cytochrome c oxidase, and ORFs APE_1623 and APE_1720 encode a B-type cytochrome c oxidase. In the previous study of Ishikawa et al. (2002), these 2 terminal oxidases were designated as cytochrome aa 3- and ba 3-type cytochrome c oxidase, respectively. An extremely haloalkaliphilic archaeon, Natronomonas pharaonis, uses a blue copper protein named halocyanin as a substrate for the terminal oxidase instead of cytochrome c [11]. In S. acidocaldarius, a blue copper protein named sulfocyanin, which is a part of the SoxM supercomplex, is an intermediate in the electron transfer from the bc 1-analogous complex to the terminal oxidase [12]. However, no genes for blue copper proteins homologous to halocyanin or sulfocyanin have been found in the genome of A. pernix. Therefore, although these oxidases can use N, N, N’, N ‘-tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine (TMPD) and/or bovine cytochrome c as substrates in vitro, the authentic substrate of the two terminal oxidases is not known. In contrast to terminal oxidases, complex III of archaea is not well-known and a canonical bc 1 complex has not been identified in any archaeal genome [13].

The traC-dsbC junction (PCR G) of the CMY

LDC000067 solubility dmso island (Figure 4) was found in all the plasmids mentioned above and in the recently described integrating conjugative element ICEPmiJpn1 Selleckchem CBL0137 of Proteus mirabilis [GenBank:AB525688]. The finding that traC-dsbC is present in pIP1202, pYR1, pP91278, pP99-018, pMRV150 and pRA1, which lack the CMY island, revealed that this gene cluster is part of a conserved core region of these closely related IncA/C plasmids. However, this region did not match with any other plasmids in the database, and it was not amplified in the CMY- plasmids of ST213 (Figure 2). Therefore, to assess the insertion of the right CMY junction, a second marker was used: PCR D spanning from sugE to the hypothetical protein 0093 (Figure 4). The complete traVA-tnpA right junction (PCR A and B) of the CMY island

was identical to that of the E. coli and Newport plasmids, but only traVA (PCR B) was present in the other CMY- IncA/C reference plasmids. This result indicates that this marker is the left CMY island junction. Interestingly, the ST213 CMY- plasmids did not amplify the traVA region, indicating that the region around the CMY island is not present in these plasmids. R-7 and R-8 were found to be present in all the IncA/C reference plasmids, with the only exception being peH4H, which lacks R-7. The mer region was detected only in the E. coli pAR060302 and Newport plasmids; however, it was found to be related to other mer operons present in several selleck chemicals llc plasmids such as pRMH760 (Klebsiella pneumoniae). Characterization of the CMY region When we started this Mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease study, the only completely sequenced plasmid carrying bla CMY-2 was that of the Newport strain [GenBank:NC_009140] [8]. PCR mapping experiments were performed to compare the CMY region of our

Typhimurium isolates with that of Newport pSN254 (Figure 4 and Additional file 1, Table S1). To determine if the bla CMY-2 gene is present as an inverted repeat element as in pSN245, we performed PCR H and I, which we expected to produce bands of around 3.2 and 2.3 kb, respectively, based on the in silico prediction. The Newport strain SN11 was used as a positive control for these amplifications. No bands were obtained with our Typhimurium isolates, consistent with the notion that our isolates possess only a single bla CMY-2 gene. We designed a set of primer pairs to amplify overlapping fragments covering the complete CMY region and to obtain the nucleotide sequence of one of our isolates, YUHS 07-18, which is the most recent strain in our collection and which displays Xba I and Pst I fingerprints prevalent in the ST213 population.

No significant

differences were found in the proportion of patients receiving FFP (100% vs 96.8%, p = 1.0), platelet (13.8% vs 29.0%, p = 0.15), and cryoprecipitate (24.1% vs 29.0%, p = 0.67) between the goal-directed group and the control group. Administration of RBC, FFP, platelet, cryoprecipitate, and total blood products was fewer in the goal-directed group than the control group, but this did not reach statistical CYT387 supplier significance. We further performed subgroup analysis including patients with ISS ≥16. The results showed that patients in the goal-directed group (n = 16) had significantly fewer consumption of RBC (4[3,11.5]U vs 14[7.5, 32]U, p < 0.01), FFP (4[2.9, 9.8]U vs 10.5[5.6, 15.7]U, p = 0.036) and total blood products (7[6.1, 47.0]U vs 37.6[14.5, 89.9]U, selleck chemicals p = 0.015) than patients in the control group (n = 13), whereas consumption of platelet STI571 and cryoprecipitate was not significantly different. Furthermore, the cost of total blood product appeared to be lower in the goal-directed group than the control group ($227.5[152.9, 1221.7]

vs $329.0 [197.2, 2904.8]), but this was not significantly different (p = 0.156). Table 2 Administration of blood products at 24 h a   Control group (n = 31) Goal-directed group (n = 29) p Number Median IQR Number Median IQR RBC (U) 31 6.5 4-14 29 5 3-13 0.22 FFP (U) 30 6.1 4-10.7 29 5.7 3.4-10 0.54 PLT (U) 9 0 0-10 4 0 0-0 0.15 CRYO (U) 9 0 0-10 7 0 0-5 0.68 Total (U) 31 14.8 8.3-37.6 29 10.2 7.0-43.1 0.28 aData were analyzed using Mann–Whitney u test. RBC: red blood cell; FFP: fresh frozen plasma; PLT: platelet; CRYO: cryoprecipitate; Niclosamide IQR: interquartile range. Clinical and laboratory parameters Clinical and laboratory parameters of interest at ED admission and 24 h were summarized in Table 3.

Patients in the goal-directed group had significantly higher systolic blood pressure at ED admission (121.8 ± 23.1 mmHg vs 102.7 ± 26.5 mmHg, p = 0.005) and lower pH (7.39 ± 0.06 vs 7.41 ± 0.04, p = 0.048) at 24 h than patients in the control group. In addition, aPTT at 24 h was significantly shorter in the goal-directed group compared to the control group (39.2 ± 16.3 s vs 58.6 ± 36.6 s, p = 0.044), while admission aPTT was similar (25.7 ± 4.8 s vs 28.4 ± 6.4 s, p = 0.09). No significant differences were observed in other parameters between the two groups. Table 3 Clinical and laboratory parameters   At ED admission At 24 h Control group (n = 31) Goal-directed group (n = 29) p Control group (n = 31) Goal-directed group (n = 28) p Number Mean ± SD Number Mean ± SD Number Mean ± SD Number Mean ± SD Temperature (°C) 31 36.4 ± 0.3 29 36.4 ± 0.3 0.98 31 37.2 ± 0.7 28 37.2 ± 0.6 0.84 HR (/min) 31 100.3 ± 19.5 28 91.8 ± 18.7 0.09 31 101.4 ± 18.6 28 96.9 ± 18.3 0.35 SBP (mmHg) 31 102.7 ± 26.5 28 121.8 ± 23.1 0.005 31 122.4 ± 16.8 28 122.6 ± 14.7 0.97 Hb (g/L) 30 121.1 ± 20.6 28 122.5 ± 24.0 0.82 31 105.5 ± 15.2 27 106.

For subjects NU7026 chemical structure aged 65 years and above, the incidence for all fractures was 839/100,000 person-years, for non-spine fractures was 769/100,000 person-years and for hip fracture was 201/100,000 person-years. In terms of individual risk factors, history of fall and history of fragility fracture were associated with the highest predicted 10-year risk of fracture: the relative risk was 14.5 (95% CI 6.5–32.2) and 4.4 (95% CI 2.0–9.4), VX-661 cost respectively. Although a 10-year increase in age accounted for only a 5.8% increase in 10-year osteoporotic fracture risk, older men aged 65 years or above had a 2.7-fold higher risk of fracture compared with

younger men. Figure 1 shows the fracture risk in different age groups that was adjusted for competing risk of death along the study period. Men aged 65 years or older with one or more falls per year had a 10-year risk of fracture of 31.9% compared with oxyclozanide 15.8% for those younger than 65 years old. Table 2 Clinical risk factors associated with osteoporotic IWP-2 clinical trial fracture in Hong Kong Southern Chinese men (n = 1,810) Risk factors Subjects (%) B RR (95%

CI) P Age ≥ 65 years 1148 (63.4) 1.0 2.7 (1.2–5.8) 0.013 Age per 10 years increase   0.1 1.1 (1.0–1.1) 0.003 Grip strength <30 kg 447 (24.7) 1.2 3.3 (0.6–17.2) 0.160 History of fall within 1 year 257 (14.2) 2.7 14.5 (6.5–32.3) <0.0001 Difficulty bending forward 185 (10.2) 1.3 3.6 (1.3–9.9) 0.014 Kyphosis 78 (4.3) 1.2 3.4 (0.8–14.8) 0.100 Low back pain 510 (28.2) −0.1 0.9 (0.4–2.2) 0.895 BMI < 20 kg/m2 167 (9.2) 1.3 3.6 (1.0–12.8) 0.050 BMI per unit increase   −0.1 0.9 (0.8–0.9) <0.0001 Walking <30 min/day 167 (9.2) 0.5 1.6 (0.5–5.4) 0.457 History of fragility fracture 576 (31.8) 1.5 4.4 (2.0–9.4) <0.0001 History of clinical or morphometric spine fracture 112 (6.2) −0.3 0.7 (0.1–6.0) 0.761 History of clinical spine fracture 52 (2.9) 0.5 1.6 (0.2–12.0) 0.635 History of parental fracture 65 (3.6) −0.3 0.8 (0.1–5.7) 0.799 Use of walking aid 264 (14.6) 1.0 2.7 (1.1–6.5) 0.030 Homebound 121 (6.7) −0.5 0.6 (0.1–4.5) 0.620 Outdoor activity <60 min/day 608 (33.6) 1.4 4.1 (1.7–9.9) 0.001 Current and ever smoking 673 (37.2) 0.5 1.7 (0.8–3.5) 0.135 Current and ever drinking 43 (2.4) 1.0 2.7 (0.4–20.4) 0.326 Calcium Intake <400 mg/day 185 (10.2) 0.2 1.

The study conforms to the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki, it was reviewed and approved by the University of Thessaly Ethics Committee, and all participants provided informed consent. Detection of EBV-specific CTLs Peptide-specific CTLs were detected using HLA-multimer flow cytometry after a previous step of in vitro amplification of MLPCs with peptides under limiting dilution conditions, exactly as described in detail previously [8]. Two EBV peptides, GLCTLVAML (BMLF1.A2 presented by HLA-A2) and RYSIFFDYM (EBNA3C.A24 presented by HLA-A24) were used. These were synthesized

on solid phase using F-moc for transient NH2-terminal buy Lonafarnib protection, purchased as lyophilised at > 90% purity ascertained by mass spectrometry (Abgent, San Diego, USA), selleckchem dissolved in DMSO at 10 mg/mL, and stored at -20 °C before use. Specific multimers labelled with APC and control multimers with PE were used

to stain MLPC. Each MLPC was considered to contain a multimer positive population, only if staining with the specific HLA-multimer resulted in a distinct cell cluster that did not stain with control HLA-multimers of different specificity. Statistical analysis Results are expressed as mean ± SD and were analyzed using two tailed chi-square analysis without Yate’s correction. The level of significance was 0.05 (two-sided). The commercially available statistical software (SPSS

for Windows, release 14.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL.) was used. Results EBV-specific CTL responses were ARS-1620 in vivo detected in the peripheral blood of 8/19 lung cancer patients (42%) and 5/14 (36%) aged-matched controls (p = 0.713). Both of these proportions were statistically significantly different than 86% (6/7) of younger healthy individuals (p = 0.048 and p = 0.031, respectively) that presented with an EBV-specific CTL response (Figure 1). When we examined whether corresponding alterations could be observed against other viruses such as CMV, our findings indicated that the anti-CMV response was similar to that described in the literature [9]. Hence, although all subjects had prior Etofibrate exposure to CMV as determined by serology, younger individuals appeared to have a lesser response as compared to aged individuals (p = 0.046) and aged individuals had a higher response than that observed with patients (p = 0.025) (Table 1). Figure 1 Proportion of individuals (young healthy, aged healthy and patients) containing an EBV peptide specific tet + CD8 + T cell amongst peripheral blood CD8 T cells. Table 1 Anti-CMV serological response amongst each group Subject group Mean ± Standard deviationa Rangea p Young healthy individuals 267 ± 183 8-486 Young vs Aged: 0.049 Aged healthy individuals 377 ± 83 411-612 Young vs Patients: 0.466 Patients with lung cancer 341 ± 199 22-831 Aged vs Patients: 0.

PubMedCrossRef 21. Erba E, Sen S, Lorico A, D’Incalci M: Potentiation of etoposide cytotoxicity against a human ovarian cancer cell line by pretreatment with non-toxic concentrations of methotrexate or aphidicolin. Eur J Cancer 1992, 28:66–71.PubMedCrossRef 22. Chresta CM, Hicks R, Hartley JA, Souhami RL: Potentiation of etoposide-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in CCRF-CEM cells by pretreatment with non-cytotoxic concentrations of arabinosyl cytosine.

Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1992, 31:139–145.PubMedCrossRef 23. Matranga CB, Shapiro GI: Selective sensitization of transformed cells to flavopiridol-induced apoptosis following recruitment to S-phase. Cancer Res 2002, 62:1707–1717.PubMed 24. Yoshimura K, Yamauchi MAPK inhibitor T, Maeda H, Kawai T: Cisplatin, vincristine, methotrexate, peplomycin, etoposide (COMPE) therapy for disseminated germ cell testicular tumors. Int J Urol 1997, 4:47–51.PubMedCrossRef Alpelisib order 25. De Godoy JL, Gemcitabine supplier Malafosse R, Fabre M, Mitchell C, Mehtali M, Houssin D, Soubrane O: A preclinical model of hepatocyte gene transfer: the in vivo, in situ perfused rat liver. Gene Ther 2000, 7:1816–1823.PubMedCrossRef 26. De Godoy JL, Malafosse R, Fabre M, Mehtali M, Houssin D, Soubrane O: In vivo hepatocyte retrovirus-mediated gene transfer through the rat biliary tract. Hum Gene Ther 1999, 10:249–257.PubMedCrossRef 27. Gray JW, Coffino

P: Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry. Methods Enzymol 1979, 58:233–248.PubMedCrossRef 28. Saalmuller A, Mettenleiter TC: Rapid identification and quantitation of cells infected by recombinant herpesvirus (pseudorabies virus) using a fluorescence-based beta-galactosidase assay and flow cytometry. J Virol Methods 1993, 44:99–108.PubMedCrossRef 29. Wei SJ, Chao Y, Hung YM, Lin WC, Yang DM, Shih YL, Ch’ang LY, Whang-Peng J,

Yang WK: S- and G2-phase cell cycle arrests and apoptosis induced by ganciclovir in murine melanoma cells transduced with herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase. Exp Cell Res 1998, 241:66–75.PubMedCrossRef 30. Coffin JM: Retrovirus restriction revealed. Nature 1996, 382:762–763.PubMedCrossRef 31. Andreadis ST, Brott D, Fuller AO, Palsson BO: Moloney murine leukemia virus-derived retroviral vectors decay intracellularly with a half-life in the range of 5.5 to 7.5 hours. J Virol 1997, 71:7541–7548.PubMed Tolmetin 32. Dunnington DJ, Buscarino C, Gennaro D, Greig R, Poste G: Characterization of an animal model of metastatic colon carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1987, 39:248–254.PubMedCrossRef 33. Forgue-Lafitte ME, Coudray AM, Breant B, Mester J: Proliferation of the human colon carcinoma cell line HT29: autocrine growth and deregulated expression of the c-myc oncogene. Cancer Res 1989, 49:6566–6571.PubMed 34. Abonyi M, Prajda N, Hata Y, Nakamura H, Weber G: Methotrexate decreases thymidine kinase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992, 187:522–528.PubMedCrossRef 35.

After obtaining the list of all SBAIT members in December 2010, we identified all manuscripts they authored after 2003 (2004 to 2010). To determine whether any significant changes occurred, we performed a similar search for the same number of years, but prior to 2003, thus from 1997 to 2003. The manuscripts were retrieved from PubMed (http://​www.​pubmed.​com), Scielo (http://​www.​scielo.​org), the open-access online web curriculum vitae Plataforma Lattes (http://​www.​lattes.​cnpq.​br) commonly used by Brazilian investigators

and a general search at Google (http://​www.​google.​com.​br). Data collection selleck was performed in February 2011. The manuscripts were classified as trauma when the focus was clearly on this area, or otherwise as non-trauma. For the few manuscript

where the focus was uncertain, the classification was decided by consensus. The manuscripts authored by more than one SBAIT member were counted only once. Considering our goal of investigating the scientific production in Brazil, the manuscripts authored by SBAIT members that were done overseas and published in non-Brazilian journals were excluded. To evaluate the quality of the manuscripts and identify the journals favored by the Brazilian investigators, we gathered the name of the Journal, year of publication and the Impact Factor (IF) as calculated by the Thompson Web of Knowledge (Institute for Scientific Information – ISI) [11]. The first analysis aimed at studying the variations in the number of published papers before and after 2003, the OSI-906 chemical structure year residency Ibrutinib order in trauma surgery was abolished. To this end, we tabulated the number of all publications and of all publications in trauma as well as the name of the Journals and their yearly Impact Factor since 1997. We then performed a simple comparison of the number of publications before and after 2003 and the Impact Factor of the journals. To characterize the SBAIT members most successful in publishing in trauma, the authors were separated according to: 1. the place (state) of

residence at the time of the publication; 2. the number of publications; 3. year of graduation from learn more medical School and 4. whether they had graduate studies overseas. The year of graduation and overseas training was obtained from the open publicaly available online web CV Plataforma Lattes (http://​www.​lattes.​cnpq.​br). Next we analyzed the association between years of graduation and number of publications, as well as whether overseas training resulted in sustained increase in scientific production. The papers published during the overseas training were not included in the present analysis. The statistical analysis used mean/median, standard deviation and maximum/minimum values for the numeric variables. The Spearman correlation was used to analyze the variation in the total number of publications, year of publication and Impact Factor.

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carboxylase/oxygenase large-subunit genes from groundwater and aquifer microorganisms. Microb Ecol 2003,45(4):317–328.PubMedCrossRef 21. Giri BJ, Bano N, Hollibaugh JT: Distribution of RuBisCO genotypes along a redox gradient in Mono Lake, California. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004,70(6):3443–3448.PubMedCrossRef 22. van der Wielen P: Diversity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large-subunit genes in the MgCl2-dominated deep hypersaline anoxic basin discovery. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006,259(2):326–331.PubMedCrossRef 23. Nigro LM, King GM: Disparate distributions of chemolithotrophs containing form IA or IC large subunit genes for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in intertidal marine and littoral lake sediments. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2007,60(1):113–125.PubMedCrossRef 24. Selesi D, Schmid M, Hartmann A: Diversity of green-like and red-like ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large-subunit

genes click here (cbbL) in differently managed agricultural soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005,71(1):175–184.PubMedCrossRef 25. Freeman KR, Pescador MY, Reed SC, Costello EK, Robeson MS, Schmidt SK: Soil CO2 flux and photoautotrophic community composition in high-elevation, ‘barren’ soil. Environ Microbiol 2009,11(3):674–686.PubMedCrossRef 26. Videmsek U, Hagn A, Suhadolc M, Radl V, Knicker H, Schloter M, Vodnik D: Abundance and diversity of CO2-fixing bacteria in grassland soils close to natural carbon dioxide springs. Microb Ecol 2009,58(1):1–9.PubMedCrossRef 27. van der Meer MTJ, Schouten S, Bateson MM, Nubel U, Wieland A, Kuhl M, de Leeuw JW, Damste JSS, Ward DM: Diel variations in carbon metabolism by green Selleckchem Gefitinib nonsulfur-like bacteria in alkaline siliceous hot spring microbial mats from Yellowstone National Park. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005,71(7):3978–3986.PubMedCrossRef 28. Cayol JL, Ollivier B, Patel BKC, Prensier G, Guezennec J, Garcia JL: Isolation and characterization of Halothermothrix orenii gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic, thermophilic,

fermentative, strictly anaerobic bacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 1994, 44:534–540. 29. Ying J-Y, Liu Z-P, Wang B-J, Dai X, Yang S-S, Liu S-J: Salegentibacter catena sp. nov., isolated from sediment of the South China Sea, and emended description of the genus Salegentibacter. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2007, 57:219–222.PubMedCrossRef 30. Militon C, Boucher D, Vachelard C, Perchet G, Barra V, Troquet J, Peyretaillade E, Peyret P: Bacterial community changes during bioremediation of aliphatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010,74(3):669–681.PubMedCrossRef 31. Navarro-Noya YE, Jan-Roblero J, González-Chávez MDC, Hernández-Gama R, Hernández-Rodríguez C: Bacterial communities associated with the rhizosphere of pioneer plants (Bahia xylopoda and Viguiera linearis) growing on heavy metals-contaminated soils. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2010,97(4):335–349.PubMedCrossRef 32.