A prominent ESR spectrum (alpha(N) = 1.58 mT and alpha(H)beta = 0.26 mT) was observed in the complete reaction mixture of ram seminal vesicle microsomes with arachidonic acid containing 2.0 mg protein/ml Danusertib in vitro ram seminal vesicle (RSV) microsomal suspension, 0.8 mM arachidonic acid, 0.1 M 4-POBN, and 24 mM tris/HCl buffer (pH 7.4). The ESR spectrum was hardly observed for the complete reaction mixture without the RSV microsomes. The formation of the radical appears to be catalyzed by the microsomal components. In the absence of AA, the intensity of the ESR signal decreased to 16 +/- 15% of the complete reaction mixture,

suggesting that the radical is derived from AA. For the complete reaction mixture with boiled microsomes, the intensity of the ESR signal decreased to 49 +/- 4% of the complete reaction mixture. The intensity of the ESR signal of the complete reaction mixture with indomethacin decreased to 74 +/- 20% of the complete reaction mixture, suggesting that cyclooxygenese partly participates in the reaction. A peak was detected on the elution profile of HPLC-ESR analysis of the complete reaction mixture. To determine the structure of the peak, an HPLC-ESR-MS analysis was performed. The HPLC-ESR-MS analysis of the peak showed two prominent ions, m/z 266 and m/z

179, suggesting that the peak is a 4-POBN/pentyl radical adduct. An HPLC-ESR analysis of the authentic 4-POBN/pentyl radical adduct comfirmed the identification.”
“The aim of the present study was to compare the efficiency of two PCR techniques for the diagnosis PND-1186 clinical trial of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs). Detection of the proviral genome

by PCR, though sensitive, is difficult due to the heterogeneity of the SRLV genomes. One of the PCR techniques amplifies a fragment in the pol gene (pol-PCR) and the other PCR targets the LTR region of the proviral genome (LTR-PCR). Milk from 194 sheep and 163 goats from farms in the Central Spain was analyzed by both techniques and compared to results obtained by ELISA. When compared to the serologic assay, the agreement of both PCR techniques was very low (0.024 and 0.020 in sheep, and 0.124 and 0.114 Selleck Blebbistatin in goats). In view of these results, it may be concluded that the efficacy of PCR for the diagnosis of SRLVs is low and a combination of PCR and ELISA should be used for diagnosis. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Introduction: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy is increasingly used in children. The purpose of this multicenter study is to evaluate mid-term clinical outcome and to identify predictors for device discharge in pediatric ICD recipients.

Methods and Results: From 1995 to 2006, 45 patients in The Netherlands under the age of 18 years received an ICD. Mean age at implantation was 10.8 +/- 5.2 years.

Dogs gonadectomized at <= 6 months of age had significantly increased odds of developing a behavioral disorder. The younger the age at gonadectomy, the earlier the mean age at diagnosis of mast cell cancer, cancers other than mast cell, hemangiosarcoma, lymphoma, all cancers combined, a behavioral disorder, or fear of storms.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Additional studies are needed on the biological effects of removing gonadal hormones and on methods to render dogs infertile that do not involve gonadectomy. Veterinarians should discuss the benefits and possible adverse effects of gonadectomy with clients, giving consideration to the breed of dog, the owner’s circumstances,

and the DUB inhibitor anticipated use of the dog.”
“Hepatitis C virus (HCV) compartmentalization may have important implications in the pathogenesis of HCV infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and relevance of HCV compartmentalization in the setting of liver transplantation (LT). We collected samples of serum, peripheral

blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), perihepatic lymph nodes (PLN) and liver explant at the time of LT, and serum and PBMC after transplantation from 57 HCV-infected cirrhotic patients undergoing LT: 38 individuals received antiviral treatment before LT and 19 were untreated controls. HCV-RNA levels were determined by real-time PCR and the hypervariable region 1 (HVR-1) was sequenced. HCV-RNA was detected in all samples

from control Selleckchem Vadimezan patients. In virological responders, recurrence after LT was associated Selleck MK-2206 with residual HCV-RNA in the liver explant. Within the entire cohort, 47% of patients harbored differences in direct sequences from distinct compartments. Quasispecies analysis revealed that in most cases, HVR-1 sequences recovered after infection recurrence were identical or closely related to those isolated from the liver explant and serum at the time of LT. Our study shows that a significant proportion of HCV-infected cirrhotic patients exhibit compartmentalization. Viral variants originating within the liver appear to be the main cause of HCV recurrence after LT.”
“Contingency management (CM) is an evidence-based treatment, and clinicians are beginning to implement this intervention in practice. However, little research exists on methods for assuring appropriate implementation of CM. This study describes the development and psychometric properties of the 12-item CM Competence Scale (CMCS). Thirty-five therapists from nine community-based clinics participated; following a training period, a randomized trial evaluated the efficacy of CM in cocaine abusing patients. Analyses of the CMCS are based on ratings from 1613 audiotapes of therapist interactions with 78 patients enrolled in the training phase and 103 patients in the randomized phase. Inter-rater reliability from 11 raters and internal consistency of items on the CMCS was good to excellent.

Objective To determine the best hematoxylin cocktail and fastest immersion times for frozen tissue preparation. Materials and Methods Hematoxylin solution type, oxidizer concentration, and immersion time were tested simultaneously on normal skin frozen sections. Results Regressive hematoxylin solutions stained faster than progressive solutions. Permanganate oxidized premixed hematoxylin best. Conclusion Augmenting premixed regressive hematoxylin solution with permanganate provides rapid

staining, which is advantageous for frozen sections.”
“Patients with pituitary resistance to thyroid hormones (PRTH) exhibit features of hyperthyroidism due to normal sensitivity to thyroid hormones Stem Cell Compound high throughput screening in some of the peripheral tissues. There is a lack of information in the literature on the long-term follow-up and treatment of patients with PRTH. Here, we present long-term (9 years) clinical and biochemical follow-up of a patient with PRTH under the treatment of D-T4 initially (for 1.5 years) followed by TRIAC for 5.5 years. An 11.5 year-old girl was evaluated for goiter, palpitations, heat intolerance, sleep disorders, nervousness and frequent stools for 3 years. Her thyroid function tests were consistent with PRTH. Molecular analysis revealed

a heterozygous missense mutation of the TR beta gene at codon 243 in exon 7 (R243Q) and a silent 17DMAG chemical structure mutation at codon 245 in the index patient and the mother who was later also diagnosed OICR-9429 manufacturer to have PRTH. The patient was started on D-T4

treatment since she exhibited clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism. After 1.5 years, D-T4 treatment was switched to TRIAC which lasted 5.5 years. During the long course of both treatments, thyroid hormones, TSH, heart rate, thyroid size, and markers of peripheral thyroid status (SHBG and alkaline phosphatase) were monitored. It was concluded that compared to D-T4, TRIAC treatment is more effective in suppressing TSH and lowering thyroid hormone levels in PRTH. However, both treatments were unable to reduce thyroid size. The effects of treatment on symptomatology were also modest. Spontaneous improvement in symptoms was observed with age.”
“This work describes the release of copper(II) ions from cellulose fibers, which have been chemically modified by periodate-induced oxidation of cellulose, followed by covalent attachment of biopolymer chitosan. The release of copper(II) ions has been investigated in physiological fluid (PF) and protein solution (PS) both at 37 degrees C. Fibers have demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli. Finally, their borohydride-induced reduction has yielded copper nanoparticle-loaded fibers, with average diameter of particles, nearly 28.94 mn. The formation of copper nanoparticles has been established by surface plasmon resonance and FTIR spectroscopy. These fibers also show fair biocidal action against E. coli.

(Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 110: 624-631)”
“Micro-Tom is the smallest known variety of tomatoes. An orthogonal experimental design L-16 (4(5)) was used to optimize Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of cotyledon explants of Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro-Tom. Four parameters were investigated to determine their effect on transformation frequency: the concentration of bacterial suspension, time of dip in bacterial suspension, co-cultivation time, and

concentration of carbenicillin. We also examined the effect of these parameters on contamination rate, necrosis rate, mortality, cut-surface browning rate, and undamaged explant rate. Both the bacterial and carbenicillin concentrations had a significant influence on the rate of infected explants. The time of co-cultivation also had a significant influence on the transformation parameters. The optimal transformation protocol consisted of an Agrobacterium MAPK Inhibitor Library solubility dmso suspension of 0.5 x 10(8) cells/mL (OD600 = 0.5) and an infection time of 5 min, one day of co-cultivation and 500 selleck chemicals mg/L carbenicillin. Under these conditions, the transformation efficiency

of the shoots reached 5.1%; the mean transformation frequency was 3.9% (N = 838).”
“Strain and piezoelectric potential effects on optical properties in CdSe/CdS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) were investigated theoretically using an eight-band strain-dependent k . p Hamiltonian. The strain effect on the shift of the subband energies is found to be larger than the piezoelectric field effect. As a result, interband transition energies are blueshifted with the inclusion of strain and piezoelectric field effects. We know that the theoretical interband transition energy shows a reasonable agreement with the experimental result. The absolute value

of the hydrostatic strain in the QD increases with decreasing QD size, whereas that in the barrier decreases with decreasing QD size. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3594743]“
“Objectives. The development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a complex, multistep process. To date, numerous oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes have been implicated in oral carcinogenesis. Of particular learn more interest in this regard are genes involved in cell cycling and apoptosis, such BRAF, KRAS, and PIK3CA genes.

Study design. Mutations of BRAF, KRAS, and PIK3CA were evaluated by direct genomic sequencing of exons 1 of KRAS, 11 and 15 of BRAF, and 9 and 20 of PIK3CA in OSCC specimens.

Results. Both BRAF and KRAS mutations were detected with a mutation frequency of 2% (1/42). PIK3CA mutations were detected at 3% (1/35).

Conclusions. This is the first report implicating BRAF mutation in OSCC. Our study supports that mutations in the BRAF, KRAS, and PIK3CA genes make at least a minor contribution to OSCC tumorigenesis, and pathway-specific therapies targeting these 2 pathways should be considered for OSCC in a subset of patients with these mutations.

One of the origins of the variation is line width roughness (LWR). To facilitate the efforts to cope with LWR, we developed a method to accurately characterize LWR basing www.selleckchem.com/products/ldn193189.html on the analysis of power spectral densities (PSDs). Because experimental PSDs are intrinsically discrete, we derive simple analytic formulas of the discrete PSDs by assuming that the autocorrelation function (ACF) exponentially decays with distance. The PSDs calculated by using the formulas agree excellently with experimentally obtained PSDs of photoresist LWR. From the result we find that the photoresist LWR of this study has a standard deviation of 2.5 nm and an exponentially-decaying autocorrelation function with a correlation length of 35 nm.

Although the experimental PSDs inevitably contain a component produced by scanning-electron-microscope

(SEM)-image noise, the two components of LWR and noise are separately determined by the method of this study. Due to this feature, the resultant variance of LWR is independent of the noise intensity. However, it is still important to reduce the noise component in order to maintain the accuracy of analysis especially in the case of LWR that has an unknown functional form of PSD. This is because even the PSDs that have different functional forms sometimes look alike in the presence of large noise. To reduce the noise effect, it is effective to average the SEM images perpendicularly SN-38 inhibitor to fine lines before edge detections. The procedure does not reduce the variance unlike averaging along the lines.

The method of this study is applicable not only to LWR but also to other cases as far as the ACF exponentially decays with distance, or equivalently the find more spectral line shape is Lorentzian. Accordingly, it forms the basis for spectral analysis of most experimental results. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3226883]“
“A variety of neurological problems have affected the lives of giants in the jazz genre. Cole Porter courageously remained prolific after severe leg injuries secondary to an equestrian accident, until he succumbed to osteomyelitis, amputations, depression, and phantom limb pain. George Gershwin resisted explanations for uncinate seizures and personality change and herniated from a right temporal lobe brain tumor, which was a benign cystic glioma. Thelonious Monk had erratic moods, reflected in his pianism, and was ultimately mute and withdrawn, succumbing to cerebrovascular events. Charlie Parker dealt with mood lability and drug dependence, the latter emanating from analgesics following an accident, and ultimately lived as hard as he played his famous bebop saxophone lines and arpeggios. Charles Mingus hummed his last compositions into a tape recorder as he died with motor neuron disease. Bud Powell had severe posttraumatic headaches after being struck by a police stick defending Thelonious Monk during a Harlem Club raid.

When the enzymatic degradation of poly(L-LA-ran-CC) was performed with proteinase K, copolymers with a greater L-LA content degraded more MK0683 rapidly than did copolymers with a greater CC content. In a controlled release experiment with poly(L-lactide-ran-2,2-dimethyltrimethylene carbonate) (76/24) or poly(L-lactide-ran-tetramethylene carbonate) (81/19), the rate of polymer degradation and the rate of impregnated compound release were almost the same. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 1431-1441, 2011″
“Background: Untreated Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women can result in disease sequelae such as salpingitis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ultimately culminating

in tubal occlusion and infertility. Whilst nucleic acid amplification tests can effectively diagnose uncomplicated lower genital tract (LGT) infections, they are not suitable for diagnosing upper genital tract (UGT) pathological sequelae. As a consequence, this study aimed to identify serological markers that can, with

a high degree of sensitivity and specificity, discriminate between LGT infections and UGT pathology.

Methods: Plasma was collected from 73 women with a history of LGT infection, UGT pathology due to C. trachomatis, or no serological evidence of C. trachomatis infection. Western blotting was used to analyze antibody reactivity against extracted chlamydial proteins. Sensitivity and specificity of differential markers were also calculated.

Results: Four antigens mTOR inhibitor (CT157, CT423, CT727 find protocol and CT396) were identified and found to be capable of discriminating between the infection and disease sequelae state. Sensitivity and specificity calculations showed that our assay for diagnosing LGT infection had a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 76%, whilst the assay for identifying UGT pathology demonstrated 80% sensitivity and 86% specificity.

Conclusions: The use of these assays could potentially facilitate earlier diagnoses in women suffering UGT pathology due to C. trachomatis.

(C) 2011 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Isoxyl is a potent antituberculosis drug effective in treating various multidrug-resistant strains in the absence of known side effects. Isoxyl has been used exclusively, but infrequently, via the oral route and has exhibited very poor and highly variable bioavailability due to its sparing solubility in water. These properties resulted in failure of some clinical trials and, consequently, isoxyl’s use has been limited. Delivery of isoxyl to the lungs, a major site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, is an attractive alternative route of administration that may rescue this abandoned drug for a disease that urgently requires new therapies. Particles for pulmonary delivery were prepared by antisolvent precipitation.

Early recognition and treatment decrease long-term morbidity and mortality. Recent research has cast light on the variable presentations and pathogenesis of the numerous subtypes of this condition, and is now focusing upon a better understanding of the natural history of GBS.”
“Increasing Selleckchem AZD3965 the proportions of embryos and blastomeres which survive cryopreservation would be expected to make a significant contribution to the Outcome of assisted reproduction treatment. Despite this, the methodology used for slow cooling of human cleavage-stage embryos has remained largely unchanged for over two decades. Previous studies have demonstrated the value,

in terms of cryosurvival, of increasing the extent of intracellular dehydration by increasing the concentration

of non-permeating cryoprotectant prior to slow cooling of oocytes and embryos which have been biopsied for preimplantation genetic diagnosis. The present Study extends the use of Compound C this approach to the slow cooling of non-biopsied day-2 embryos. Dehydration in the presence of 0.2 mol/l Sucrose significantly increased the proportions Of Surviving embryos, surviving blastomeres and fully intact embryos (92.6%, 91.1%, and 80.4%, respectively) relative to those observed after dehydration in 0.1 mol/l sucrose (78.5%, 74.1%, and 54.6%, respectively, all P < 0.001). Post-thaw resumption of mitosis in vitro and implantation were not adversely affected by the increased prefreeze dehydration. This improved method for slow cooling of cleavage-stage embryos Should have a major impact on clinical outcome.”
“Objective: An estimated 1 to 2% of cases of diabetes mellitus have a monogenic basis; however, delayed diagnosis and misdiagnosis as type 1 and 2 diabetes are common. Correctly identifying the molecular basis of an individual’s diabetes may significantly alter the management approach to both the patient and his or her relatives. We describe selleckchem a case of mature onset diabetes of the young

(MODY) with sufficient evidence to support the classification of a novel HNF1A (hepatocyte nuclear factor-1-alpha) mutation as a cause of MODY-3.

Methods: A 21-year-old Caucasian female presented to our office with a diagnosis of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) at age 10; glycemia was initially managed with oral antidiabetic (OAD) agents and insulin detemir. The patient reported a strong family history of early-onset NIDDM in both her mother and maternal grandmother, both of whom eventually required insulin therapy to control glycemia. The patient’s medical and family history were highly suggestive of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), and genetic testing was performed.

Results: Genetic screening detected a mutation p.Arg200Trp in the HNF1A gene in the patient, her mother, and maternal grandmother, suggesting a diagnosis of MODY-3.

Various endoscopic approaches tailored to the origin and extent of the CS tumor were proven efficacious for the maximal and precise removal of CS tumors while avoiding vital structures.”
“Objective.

To assess local effects of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on peripheral nerve repair in a rat sciatic nerve transection model.

Study Design. Sixty Selleck MLN2238 male, healthy, white Wistar rats were randomized into 4 experimental groups: In the sham-operated group, sciatic nerve was exposed and manipulated. In the transected control group, the left sciatic nerve was transected. In the silicone graft group (SIL), a 10-mm defect was made and bridged using a silicone tube. The graft was filled with phosphate-buffered saline in the SIL group and with HGF in the SIL/HGF group.

Results. Behavioral testing, sciatic nerve functional study, gastrocnemius muscle mass measurement, and morphometric indices found earlier regeneration of axons in the SIL/HGF than in the SIL group (P < .05). Immunohistochemical study clearly found more positive location of reactions to S-100 in the SIL/HGF group than

in the SIL group.

Conclusions. HGF may have clinical implications for the surgical management of patients after facial nerve transection.”
“Purpose: To assess dispensing and prescribing practices with regard to antimalarial drugs for pediatrics in private pharmacies and public hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study that assessed the knowledge PCI-34051 concentration and

practice of 200 drug dispensers in the private community pharmacies in Dar es Salaam. Two hundred selleck screening library (200) parents of children seeking malaria treatment were also interviewed at the public hospitals.

Results: A majority of drug dispensers had moderate (63.3 %) to low knowledge (36.7 %) regarding antimalarial drug use in pediatrics. Parents had moderate (67 %) to low (33 %) level of understanding of the instructions given to them by the prescribers regarding administration of antimalarial drugs to pediatrics at home. Most children were not weighed, and there were indications of wrong calculations of doses of antimalarials in pediatrics.

Conclusion: Overall, there were irrational dispensing and prescribing of antimalarial drugs to pediatrics. Since malaria is a major killer disease in Tanzania, especially in children under five years of age, there is a need to institute measures to ensure rational prescribing, dispensing and use of antimalarial drugs in pediatrics.”
“The potential energy surface of 4,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane molecule was analyzed in terms of the density functional theory at the PBE/cc-pVDZ and B3PW91/aug-cc-pVDZ levels. Eight energy minima were revealed with account taken of enantiomeric structures, the corresponding transition states were found, and the most probable chair-chair conformational isomerization pathways were proposed.

The pathophysiology of back pain is complex and nociceptive, and neuropathic pain-generating mechanisms are thought to

be involved, which established the term mixed pain syndrome. Neuropathic pain may be caused by lesions of nociceptive sprouts within the degenerated disc (local neuropathic), mechanical compression of the nerve root (mechanical neuropathic root pain), or by action of inflammatory mediators (inflammatory neuropathic root pain) originating from the degenerative disc even without any mechanical compression. Its diagnosis and management remain an enigma, mainly because there is no gold standard for either. Accuracy of diagnostic tests used to identify the source of back pain and their usefulness in clinical practice, particularly for guiding treatment selection, is unclear. In connection with the specific instance of back pain (one of the single most costly disorders in many industrialized AZ 628 order nations), neuropathic pain components are a significant cost factor.”
“A one-dimensional model is developed for nanosecond laser ablation of a metal target (Cu) in a background gas (Ar) at any pressure.

Simulations are performed with a 6 ns FWHM Gaussian laser pulse at 532 nm with a fluence of 11.3 J.cm(-2). Heating, melting, evaporation, and condensation are considered to model the laser-target interaction. Expansion of the plume BIBF 1120 order is investigated solving the Euler equations in a lagrangian formalism. Plasma formation is taken into account by computing the ionic species densities up to the second order of ionization in both the ablated material and the background gas. Such formation implies a strong laser-plasma interaction, assuming that the absorption phenomena are photoionization, electron-atom, and electron-ion inverse Bremsstrahlung. Radiative losses are supposed to be only GSK461364 supplier described by electron-ion Bremsstrahlung. Preliminary results are presented and discussed. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3651497]“
“Cataracts (opacities of the lens) are frequent in the elderly, but rare in paediatric practice. Congenital cataracts (in industrialized countries) are mainly caused by mutations affecting lens development. Much of

our knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of cataractogenesis has come from the genetic analysis of affected families: there are contributions from genes coding for transcription factors (such as FoxE3, Maf, Pitx3) and structural proteins such as crystallins or connexins. In addition, there are contributions from enzymes affecting sugar pathways (particularly the galactose pathway) and from a quite unexpected area: axon guidance molecules like ephrins and their receptors. Cataractous mouse lenses can be identified easily by visual inspection, and a remarkable number of mutant lines have now been characterized. Generally, most of the mouse mutants show a similar phenotype to their human counterparts; however, there are some remarkable differences.

This avoids general anesthesia and IPI-549 concentration provides significant savings of time and cost for both patients and the health care system.”
“Our objective is to report a rare coexistence of Parry-Romberg disease and ischemic stroke. Here, we report the case of a 34-year-old woman with Parry-Romberg syndrome who developed

cerebral infarction. This patient developed sudden left-sided weakness and was admitted to our hospital. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed acute cerebral infarction in the posterior limb of the right internal capsule. The patient had been diagnosed with Parry-Romberg syndrome at the age of 12, and she had a history of migraine without aura. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed a patent foramen ovale, but no atrial septal aneurysm or deep G418 molecular weight vein thrombosis was observed in the lower extremities. She was treated with 200 mg of aspirin and 10 mg of atorvastatin. Her symptoms gradually improved, and she was discharged 10 days after admission. Parry-Romberg syndrome is a rare disease of progressive hemifacial atrophy with unknown etiology. The potential risk factors for ischemic stroke in Parry-Romberg syndrome include ipsilateral cerebrovascular abnormality or migraine. In addition, patent foramen ovale was identified as a

concomitant risk factor in our case.”
“We evaluated 103 cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) encountered in 99 children (two developed the disease twice and one, three times) treated in the northern district of

Hokkaido (Kamikawa and Soya subprefecture) from April 2000 until March 2010, before the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. The main diseases were as follows: pneumonia, 54 cases (52.9%); occult bacteremia, https://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd3965.html 34 cases (33.3%); meningitis, five cases (4.9%). There were 42 cases during the first half of the study period (from April 2000 to March 2005) and 61 during the second half (from April 2005 to March 2010). The IPD morbidity rate for the 10-year period was 41.3 per 100,000 population in children < 5 years and 79.2 per 100,000 population in children < 2 years. Serotype analysis of the 77 strains was performed. The most frequent serotype isolated was 6B (31.2%), followed by 23F (14.3%), 19F (13.0%), 9V (7.8%), 6A (7.8%), and 14 (3.9%). The number of strains that could potentially be covered by heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was 55 (71.4%), and the number of strains that could potentially be covered by 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was 64 (83.1%). Analysis of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) genes was performed of the 82 strains. The percentages of resistant bacteria caused by PBP gene mutations were 42.7% (35 strains) for gPRSP, 48.8% for gPISP (40 strains), and 8.5% for gPSSP (7 strains).