No statistically significant mortality association was demonstrated for the CSF bacterial load or CSF white

cell count, HIV status, age or gender on model 1 (n = 102); seizures at any time in the illness, GCS or altered mental status and anaemia were associated with mortality ( Table 1). In model Alpelisib price 2 (n = 62) IL8 and IL10 were marginal predictors of non-survival; IL8 p = 0.036, OR 1.00 (95% CI 1.00: 1.00) and IL10 p = 0.029, OR 1.00 (95% CI 1.00 : 1.00); of the clinical parameters, only altered mental status or GCS retained significance in this model ( Supplementary Table 1). We have previously shown that coma, seizures and anaemia predict poor outcome from bacterial meningitis in Malawi,5 but the causes of the excess mortality compared to patients in more well-resourced settings remain unclear. In this study, there was no difference

in the bacterial load and only marginal difference in the cytokine response between survivors and non-survivors despite lower CSF white cell counts in non-survivors. Our findings are markedly different to data in children with pneumococcal meningitis in Malawi and Europe, and adults with pneumococcal bacteraemia in Europe or meningococcal meningitis in the UK.6, 7, 8 and 14 No published data has quantified CSF pneumococcal load in adults check details with meningitis in either setting. The lack of association between outcome and pneumococcal load, in contrast to these other studies was unexpected. HIV uninfected adults with pneumococcal meningitis in Europe have a 10 fold higher CSF WCC Cyclooxygenase (COX) than our patients, a CSF WCC of <1000 cells/mm3 has been shown to be significantly associated

with mortality in Europe.4 In our study, the median CSF WCC was substantially below this threshold, and low CSF WCCs were associated with poor outcome. We hypothesise that in adults with pneumococcal meningitis in Malawi, rapid bacterial growth occurs within the CSF with relatively little restriction by the host immune response, leading to high bacterial loads in both outcome groups. In addition, delays from symptom onset to admission in the community and to lumbar puncture within the hospital system may have resulted in the bacterial growth reaching the plateau, as opposed to the exponential growth phase in the CSF by the time of lumbar puncture, and hence any differences between outcome groups may have equalised by the time of examination. Time from symptom onset to lumbar puncture in the included studies was 3–5 days, compared to <48–72 h for most European studies.11, 12, 15, 16 and 17 Adults with pneumococcal meningitis in Malawi have different baseline characteristics compared to those studied in other settings outside of sub-Saharan Africa,4 and 5 and disease is caused disproportionately by serotype one.18 Data from studies of pneumococcal meningitis in this region may not be directly comparable to data from other regions.

001) ( Fig. 4C). For all the times tested, FURO + CAP-induced water and 0.3 M NaCl intake after saline injection into the LPBN in rats with PD did not differ from the control group with saline injections into the LPBN (P > 0.5, Newman–Keuls post hoc test) ( Fig. 4A and C). However, FURO + CAP-induced water and 0.3 M NaCl intake after muscimol injection into the LPBN in PD rats was significantly different from

the intake after muscimol injections into the LPBN in control rats from 90 to 180 min of the test, with P values ranging from P < 0.05 at 90 min to P < 0.001 from 120 to 180 min (Newman–Keuls post hoc test) ( Fig. 4A and C). In normotensive fluid-replete rats (MAP: 101 ± 3.4 mmHg and HR: 327 ± 0.9 beats per minute (bpm)) without ligature, bilateral injections of muscimol (0.5 nmol/0.2 μl, n = 5) into the LPBN increased MAP (15.2 ± 3.3 mmHg, vs. saline: 0.6 ± 1.3 mmHg/180 min) and HR Cilengitide solubility dmso (36 ± 6.8 vs. saline: 4.1 ± 2.0 bpm/180 min). Experimental ligature-induced PD alone produced no change in MAP and HR. However, post hoc tests showed that ligature-induced PD reduced the increase in MAP (F(3,12) = 21.0; P < 0.05) and HR (F(3,12) = 61.7; P < 0.05) from 30 to 180 min after treatment with muscimol into the LPBN. The IL-6 and TNF-α plasmatic concentration values were higher in PD rats

compared with controls (Table 1). Similar to a previous study,12 the present study shows that bilateral PD0325901 cost injections of muscimol (GABAA receptor agonist) into the LPBN induce a pressor response and hypertonic NaCl and water ingestion in fluid-replete rats and increase hypertonic NaCl and water intake in FURO + CAP-treated rats. The new finding of the present study is that periodontal disease (PD) induced by ligature placement, confirmed by radiographic analysis, caused a significant amount of bone loss, increased plasmatic concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Interleukin-2 receptor IL-6 and TNF-α and reduced water intake and the pressor response induced by muscimol injected into the LPBN in fluid-replete rats and reduced water and hypertonic NaCl intake induced by muscimol injected into the LPBN in FURO + CAP-treated rats. Experimental ligature-induced PD produced no change in 0.3 M NaCl and water intake, suggesting that a local inflammatory event, such as PD, alone does not inhibit or facilitate these behaviours. Ligature-induced PD around the molar teeth acts as a bacterial retentive device and promotes the growth of micro-organisms in the subgingival area.7 These micro-organisms spread systemically, releasing inflammatory mediators, creating and sustaining a chronic systemic inflammatory response.19 The relationship between periodontal bacterial infection and alveolar bone loss has been well established, and the roles played by inflammatory mediators in the bone loss process that develops from periodontal disease have been studied.

8%) and the outpatient cohort (25.8%) was statistically similar as well (P = .9) ( Fig. 2). Length of stay was significantly decreased in the <3-day group at 6.1 days (95% CI, 5.3-6.9) versus 10.3 days in the >3-day group (95% CI, 8.9-11.7) (P < .0001). Eight patients

had a length of stay > 20 days secondary to other comorbidities: 3 from the <3-day group and 5 from the >3-day group. These patients with a longer length of stay because of other comorbidities were excluded from the final results so data were more representative of length of stay because of OOGIB. We had analyzed the data both including and excluding these 8 patients. In both circumstances there was a significant difference in the length of stay between the two inpatient groups. We decided to take a conservative approach by excluding these outliers GSK2118436 to minimize any confounders. In this retrospective analysis of the use of VCE performed for OOGIB in both inpatients and outpatients, we demonstrated that the

early deployment of VCE results in a higher diagnostic yield and increased rate of therapeutic intervention. In turn, early deployment was associated with a significant reduction in length of stay, possibly associated with the increased intervention rate and reduction of the numbers of other procedures. Navitoclax Statistically, the overall diagnostic yield of VCE was not different for the inpatient and outpatient populations (P = .054), even though the difference of yield between these two stood at 12.5%. This is likely because a significant proportion (37.5%; 54 of 144) of the Thiamet G VCEs for inpatients was performed 3 days after admission, thus decreasing the overall yield for the inpatient population. This dilutional effect on the yield is supported by the statistical similarity for a positive yield between

the patients who received VCE 3 days after admission and those who had VCE done as outpatients. A significant increase was found in the diagnostic yield if VCE was performed within 3 days of admission for OOGIB. Detection of active bleeding by VCE declined progressively as days passed after admission (Fig. 4), consistent with the natural history of GI bleeding, which has a tendency to spontaneously cease with time. Presence of active bleeding or detection of angioectasia led to targeted interventions in all 3 groups. Overall, a significant increase in targeted interventions was performed for patients in the <3-day group commensurate with the overall higher diagnostic yield of VCE in this cohort. Non–small-bowel source of bleeding (stomach or colon) was noted to be higher in the inpatient (9%) than the outpatient (3.4%) population. This discrepancy may be explained by the fact that detection of vascular lesions may be subject to hemodynamic compromise and sedation use during the initial urgent endoscopic evaluation. Poor preparation of colon may be another contributing factor for missing significant findings during colonoscopy.

“
“Monocyte activation, triggering their adhesion to the endothelium Pictilisib molecular weight and subsequent migration into the arterial intima, is an early event in atherogenesis [1], [2], [3] and [4]. Transformation into lipid-engorged macrophage foam cells follows, and leads to the appearance of fatty streaks, the first visible lesions in the vessel wall. Uptake of oxLDL by monocyte/macrophages is known to play a significant role in atherogenesis by stimulation of the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and other factors [5], but there is now considerable evidence to indicate that chylomicron remnants (CMR), the lipoproteins which transport fat of dietary

origin from the gut to the liver, are also strongly atherogenic [6]. Lipids from food are absorbed in the gut and secreted into lymph in large, triacylglycerol (TG)-rich lipoproteins called chylomicrons which then pass into the blood via the thoracic duct. Here they undergo rapid lipolysis, a process that removes some of their TG and forms the smaller CMR which deliver the remaining TG, cholesterol and other lipids to the liver [7]. Chylomicron remnants are taken up and retained in the artery wall [8] and [9], and remnant-like particles have been

isolated from the neointima of human atherosclerotic plaque and in animal models of atherosclerosis [10] and [11]. Delayed clearance of CMR correlates with the development of atherosclerotic lesions, and is associated with consumption of Western diets, obesity and type 2 diabetes [12] and [13]. Data from this laboratory and others has demonstrated that HER2 inhibitor CMR are taken up by human macrophages derived from the human monocyte cell line THP-1 or from macrophages derived from freshly isolated monocytes [14] and [15] inducing foam cell formation [16], expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism [17] and modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression [18] and [19]. Furthermore, CMR inhibit endothelium-dependent relaxation of isolated arteries [8], [20] and [21], CYTH4 and trigger pro-inflammatory signal transduction in human endothelial cells (EC; [22]). Monocytes are the precursors of macrophage foam cells and thus have a crucial

role in atherogenesis. Under inflammatory conditions, activation of both monocytes and EC triggers expression of adhesion molecules, cytokines and vasoactive mediators and promotes monocyte adhesion to the endothelium and subsequent migration into the arterial wall [1], [2] and [4]. The potential role of dietary fats in pro-inflammatory activation of circulating monocytes has not been explored experimentally, but TG-mediated expression of CD11b/Mac-1 has been reported after oral fat loading in normal healthy human volunteers [23] and [24]. Oxidative burst or reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation is a hallmark of monocyte activation and uptake of oxLDL by monocytes or monocyte-derived macrophages is known to be accompanied by ROS production [25].

Another major contribution to the development of vaccines in the early 1920s came with the discovery that certain substances could increase yields of immune sera containing antitoxins. The research carried out by Alexander Glenny and Gaston Ramon was primarily intended to increase the yields of hyperimmune sera produced in animals such as horses, rather than to increase the active immune response after antigenic stimulation in humans. Selleck PCI32765 Ramon noted that horses that spontaneously developed abscesses at the injection site produced

greater serum antitoxin titres. Subsequently, he successfully described a group of substances, ranging from starch, bread crumbs and tapioca (used because they contained starch), which, when injected in conjunction with toxoids, enhanced the immune response. These substances were tested because it was already known that they caused aseptic abscesses/inflammation.

The term adjuvants, from the Latin adjuvare (‘to help or to aid’), was coined by Ramon to describe these substances. Around the same time, aluminium salts were tested by Glenny (1926) to increase the immune response to the diphtheria toxoid in horses and, shortly after, in humans. selleck chemicals llc Today, 80 years later, aluminium salts still remain the most commonly used adjuvant in vaccines (see Chapter 4 – Vaccine adjuvants). In 1931, Ernest Goodpasture introduced the use of embryonated hen’s eggs as a medium for growing viruses. This technique represented a major advance since, until its introduction, human viruses could only be grown in animals such as ferrets and mice. The chick embryo proved to be a cheaper and safer medium for the culture of viruses. Using the egg system, Max Theiler at The Rockefeller Foundation developed an effective vaccine for yellow fever in the 1930s and received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1951. Vaccines against typhus that were important Urocanase for troops in World War II were also developed during the 1930s. The first influenza vaccine was developed in 1940, and was a live, attenuated virus produced in hen’s eggs. However, due to the instability of the viral genome, the viruses mutated rapidly and were not attenuated consistently, causing outbreaks of disease in

vaccinees, which led to the discontinuation of the product for safety reasons. In 1906, Albert Calmette and Albert Guérin started to culture Mycobacterium bovis bacillus in a potato medium to which glycerin and beef bile were added to strip the lipids from the waxy capsule of the microorganism. After 13 years and 230 passages through the medium, they obtained an attenuated strain, bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG). The first BCG vaccine became available in 1927 and is still widely used for the prevention of disseminated TB and TB meningitis in children. During the 1930s, the use of animal cell cultures to grow pathogens became available. This important new technology for the development of vaccines replaced the practice of deliberate animal-to-animal transmission of infection.

They must consider the route and extent of exposure, since the skin is the main site of application learn more of cosmetics, as a result, major focus has been placed on dermal absorption for which accepted in vitro methods are available. Other dermal models include human reconstructed skin models for use in genotoxicity testing ( Munn et al., 2009). For other endpoints such as skin and eye irritation, scientifically

accepted methods used in combination are being used as alternatives to animal models. In contrast to other sectors, the cosmetics industry is required by law to replace a number of in vivo animal tests with scientifically valid alternative approaches. In an optimal situation, ADME/TK are cross-cutting issues that are taken into account in all these

processes, albeit not literally or specifically required in various sector legislations. To this end, PS-341 mw scientifically justifiable – but not legally required – information may come from in vivo as well as in vitro assays which can be used by one or more sectors to determine ADME properties as well as understanding mechanisms of action. Examples of information gained from in vitro models are described below and listed in Table 1. A major challenge is that in vitro methods are needed that allow for a quantitative assessment of effects in vivo. Safety assessors from all industry sectors will need to evaluate the exposure of a chemical to human health, whether it is intestinal absorption from an orally dosed drug, systemic exposure from a dermally applied cosmetic or accidental exposure from a pesticide. Whereas the pharmaceutical industry is aiming to have good systemic exposure (high bioavailability), the chemical, pesticide and cosmetics sectors are likely to develop chemicals which are poorly absorbed. A number of cell lines, such as Caco-2, are routinely used to determine

intestinal absorption. When used as part of a simulation model that takes into account solubility and dissolution Calpain in the gastrointestinal tract as well, they give a good prediction as to the extent of absorption (Thomas et al., 2008). Likewise, cell lines have been employed to predict penetration across the blood brain barrier, although these models still require some further development. The most relevant route of exposure for cosmetics, industrial chemicals and pesticides is the skin (although exposure via inhalation and the oral route can be very relevant as well), for which static or flow-through diffusions cell models have been standardized (as least in part) for use with human, pig and rat skin in OECD and EU context (OECD TG 428, (SANCO, 2004)). Moreover, there is on-going revision of the current guidance document on dermal absorption (SANCO, 2004).

Demands for distributive justice usually underline the need for an equitable distribution of environmental risks, burdens and benefits among different groups of society. In our study, this argument emerged in various forms linked to the uneven allocation GPCR Compound Library mouse of resources in terms of access to fish and marine space, and distribution

of risks, burdens and benefits of fish farms. Demands include the restoration of marine environment, contribution to local economy and social development, and compensation for environmental damage or for income loss. In cases where small-scale fishermen are important actors, the demand for distributive justice was present. For instance, in Inousses Island, Greece, fishermen and local people expect a greater contribution from fish farms to local

development since, according to them, the amount paid by the company to the municipality for the use of the marine area is very low, and the export-oriented production does not benefit local people (I12). The same complaint exists learn more in some cases in Norway, where NGOs and researchers claim that local municipalities collect a very small amount of tax from fish farms, leading to an unjust distribution of benefits (I15, I19). Another common concern is that the aquaculture producers do not compensate the wild capture fishermen for the negative external costs imposed on them [35]. NGOs in Norway, for instance, mention that especially in the beginning of 1990s there was a drastic sea lice problem, because of which all angling and professional netting activities of wild salmon had GABA Receptor to be stopped in Hardanger region (I15, I19). This put an uneven social and economic burden on fishermen, recreational users and local people,

while it did not affect fish farmers at the same amount. Consequently, many actors began to call for distributive justice in terms of compensation for the environmental damage the fish farms have done. After the pressure of angler societies, river owners and environmental organizations, Mattilsynet (The Norwegian Food Safety Authority) forced the sector to take measures in order to recover the damaged fish stocks by realizing sea lice treatment in the existing fish farms. However, compensation was insufficient, and was furthermore not distributed among all actors, but mainly paid to river owners (I15). The distributive justice aspect covers several NGOs׳ and local people׳s claims about the unequal distribution of risks as well [36] and [37]. Opposing groups, especially in salmon producing regions (see Norway, Scotland, UK and Ireland), use arguments about negative health effects of eating farmed salmon due to the poor quality feed, and the intensive use of chemicals and antibiotics that are transmitted into human body by eating farmed salmon [27] (I15, I20, I27) .

The PREMM(1,2,6) model predicts risk of MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 germline mutations based on cancer history. Gastroenterology 2011;140:73–81. In the above article, the equation

for calculating risk estimate scores using the PREMM1,2,6 model provided in the online Supplementary Material was incorrect. The variables V8 and V9, which pertain to age(s) of diagnosis, need to be divided by 10. This was not included in the original equation but has now been added to the Supplementary Material. In addition, the authors have provided more detailed descriptions of the variables. “
“Event Date and Venue Details from 2013 *17th INTERNATIONAL REINHARDSBRUNN SYMPOSIUM ON MODERN FUNGICIDES AND ANTIFUNGAL COMPOUNDS 21–25 April Friedrichroda, GERMANY Info: http://tinyurl.com/6mntxsa *INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ADJUVANTS TO AGROCHEMICALS 22–26 April Foz do Iguacu, BRAZIL Info: P. Castelani,Voice: 55-11-4478-3418E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://tinyurl.com/7h2jcmj this website *11th INTERNATIONAL VERTICILLIUM SYMPOSIUM 05-08 May Gottingen, GERMANY Contact: A. Von Tiedemann,E-mail: [email protected]:

http://verticillium.phytomedizin.org *AQUATIC WEED CONTROL SHORT COURSE 06–09 May Coral Springs, FL, USA Info: L. Gettys,E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.conference.ifas.ufl.edu/aw/ *14th EUROBLIGHT WORKSHOP 13-15 May Contact: A. Lees, E-mail: [email protected] *3rd INTERNATIONAL ENTOMOPHAGOUS INSECTS CONFERENCE 02-06 June Orford, QUE, CANADA Contact see: http://www.seq.qc.ca/IEIC3/ *ANNUAL MEETING CANADIAN PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 16–19 June Edmonton, ALB, CANADA Info: K. TurkingtonE-mail:

Stem Cells inhibitor [email protected] Web: http://phytopath.ca/meetings.shtml *INTERNATIONAL CLUBROOT WORKSHOP 19–21 June Edmonton, ALB, CANADA Info: K. TurkingtonE-mail: [email protected] *16th EUROPEAN WEED RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM 24–27 June Samsun, TURKEY Info: [email protected] Info: http://tinyurl.com/7vpwrv3 *NORTH AMERICAN INVASIVE PLANT ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT SHORT COURSE 25–27 June North Platte, NE, USA Info: S. YoungE-mail: [email protected] Endonuclease Web: http://ipscourse.unl.edu/ AMERICAN PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING 10–14 August Providence, RI, USA Info: APS, 3340 Pilot Knob Rd., St. Paul, MN 55121, USAFax: 1-651-454-0755 Voice: 1-651-454-3848 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.apsnet.org *150th ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO ANNUAL MEETING, jointly with the ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 18–24 October Guelph, ONT, CANADA Info: N. McKenzie E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.entsocont.ca Full-size table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV “
“Citrus essential oils (EOs) contain 85–99 g/100 g volatile components and 1–15 g/100 g non-volatile components. The volatile constituents are a mixture of monoterpene hydrocarbons (limonene), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives, which include aldehydes (citral), ketones, acids, alcohols (linalool) and esters (Sawamura et al., 2004; Vaio et al., 2010).

In a test of STM for the color of varying numbers of objects, PFC represented the passage of time across the delay period and the location of to-be-remembered stimuli, but not the colors themselves [17••] (cf [18••]). Consistent with these unit-level findings, MVPA of human fMRI of STM has shown PFC to encode such factors as stimulus category, attentional context, and match-nonmatch status of a trial (e.g., 10•, 19•• and 20••]). Thus, in addition to its well-established role in the top-down control of neural processing (e.g., 14• and 20••]), another function of PFC may be the processing of

information that, although not explicitly being tested, is nonetheless unfolding, and of possible relevance to the organism 17••, 21 and 22]. Patterns of localization find more can also reflect how the brain supports the strategic recoding of information from the format presented at study into one best suited for the impending memory-guided action. One study first presented subjects with a sample object, then, early in the delay, indicated whether memory for fine-grained perceptual details or for category membership would be tested. For the former, MVPA found evidence for delay-period stimulus representation in inferior occipitotemporal cortex, but not PFC; for the latter, the converse was true [19••]. Combining MVPA with univariate

and functional connectivity analyses has revealed a role for frontal cortex and intraparietal sulcus in implementing such strategic shifts of mental coding in visual STM [20••]. MVPA can also track the see more evolution of mental coding in the absence of instructions, demonstrating, for example, that the verbal recoding of visually

presented information also entails the recruitment of a semantic code [26]. Neural data also provide important constraints on models of capacity limitations of visual STM 27• and 28•]. One influential model holds inferior intraparietal sulcus to be important for individuating objects that are to be encoded into visual STM, whereas superior intraparietal sulcus and an area of lateral occipital cortex are responsible for identifying these objects [6]. Recently, however, although the univariate Phosphoprotein phosphatase analyses of data from a follow-up experiment [29••] did reproduce many of the findings from the earlier study, MVPA of the same data failed to support a model of segregated circuits performing these two operations. Instead, the study of Naughtin et al. [29••] produced two novel findings. First, the contrasts intended to operationalize individuation versus identification recruited primarily overlapping regions, thereby calling into question the dissociability of these two hypothesized mechanisms. Second, many regions outside of the intraparietal sulcus regions emphasized by [6] were also sensitive to these contrasts, suggesting that broadly distributed systems underlie the control of visual STM ( Box 2).

Esempi: creando coalizioni, il gruppo C raggiunge comunque obiettivi di ESS. I gruppi M e F sono invece casi estremi perché per nG=nS i giocatori si identificano con le mosse, facendo collassare le 4 fasi di Fig. 6 in due: F resta nel Far West (F1=B, F2=N), M se ne allontana verso Kyoto quando, comunicando, sceglie SdE miste in cui nessun giocatore è identificabile con una sola mossa. Nei limiti di cosa significhi “vincere” e delle regole del gioco, la correlazione fra visioni e SdE consente a un docente di riconoscere nei giocatori il raggiungimento

di obiettivi di ESS correlati a competenze di mobilitazione e intervento, in base a concetti elementari di TdG. Il docente che volesse anche realizzare giochi, dovrebbe invece affrontare il problema, Bleomycin mouse ancora, in termini delle due visioni: • visione strategica: come fare il gioco. Al di là di trattazioni matematiche non sempre elementari, si scelgono pagamenti con la simmetria di Table 1, in modo da avere un equilibrio selleck products di Nash economico (SdE pura N) ma anche infiniti equilibri socioeconomici su SdE mista in caso di accordo. Basta poi introdurre un fenomeno ambientale messo in massimo

pericolo nell׳equilibrio di Nash e “salvato” dalla mossa economicamente sconveniente (BB, Table 2). Invece dell׳orso si potrebbe avere una colonia di api che produce miele per un produttore locale o un discount, l׳acqua di un lago utilizzata per irrigare o pescare. In questo Methane monooxygenase lavoro si è mostrato come l׳analisi in termini di TdG di un gioco per l׳ESS permetta a un docente di riconoscere nei giocatori il raggiungimento di obiettivi di ESS correlati a competenze di mobilitazione e intervento.

Tutte le partite osservate in due sperimentazioni di un gioco noto in letteratura (Wilhelm, 2006) possono interpretarsi in base alla tendenza dei giocatori a privilegiarne una visione valoriale, fondata su competenze di mobilitazione, o una visione strategica, fondata su competenze di analisi. Le due visioni spingono i giocatori a costruire SdE riconoscibili (ma non si è cercata alcuna relazione deterministica fra SdE e visioni), innescando dinamiche di gruppo che, a loro volta, influenzano e correlano retroattivamente le visioni valoriale e strategica. Evolvendo o radicalizzandosi, le visioni portano poi i gruppi di giocatori a comportamenti caratteristici di discussione, frammentazione, dinamica al limite, fusione dei gruppi.