RNA gel blot

hybridization and deep sequencing showed in wt and RDR6I backgrounds that PSTVd sRNAs (i) accumulate to levels paralleling their genomic RNA, (ii) display similar patterns with prevailing 22- or 21-nt plus-strand species, and (iii) adopt strand-specific hot spot profiles along the genomic RNA. Therefore, the surveillance mechanism restraining PF299 datasheet entry of some RNA viruses into meristems likely also controls PSTVd access in N. benthamiana. Unexpectedly, deep sequencing also disclosed in NbRDR6i plants a profile of RDR6-derived siRNA dominated by 21-nt plus-strand species mapping within a narrow window of the hairpin RNA stem expressed transgenically for silencing RDR6, indicating that minus-strand siRNAs silencing the NbRDR6 mRNA represent a minor fraction of the total siRNA population.”
“Caffeine, a widely consumed adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptor antagonist, is valued as a psychostimulant, but it is also anxiogenic. An association

between a variant within the ADORA2A gene (rs5751876) and caffeine-induced anxiety has been reported for individuals who habitually consume little caffeine. This study investigated whether GSK3326595 chemical structure this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) might also affect habitual caffeine intake, and whether habitual intake might moderate the anxiogenic effect of caffeine. Participants were 162 non-/low (NL) and 217 medium/high (MH) caffeine consumers. In a randomized, double-blind, parallel groups design they rated anxiety, alertness, and headache before and after 100 mg caffeine and again after another 150 mg caffeine given 90 min later, or after placebo on both occasions. Caffeine intake was prohibited for 16 h before the first dose of caffeine/placebo. Results showed greater susceptibility to caffeine-induced anxiety, but not lower habitual caffeine intake (indeed coffee intake was higher), in the rs5751876 TT genotype group, and a reduced anxiety response in MH vs NL participants irrespective of genotype. Apart from the almost completely linked ADORA2A SNP rs3761422, no other of eight ADORA2A and seven ADORA1 SNPs

studied were found to be clearly associated Clomifene with effects of caffeine on anxiety, alertness, or headache. Placebo administration in MH participants decreased alertness and increased headache. Caffeine did not increase alertness in NL participants. With frequent consumption, substantial tolerance develops to the anxiogenic effect of caffeine, even in genetically susceptible individuals, but no net benefit for alertness is gained, as caffeine abstinence reduces alertness and consumption merely returns it to baseline. Neuropsychopharmacology (2010) 35, 1973-1983; doi: 10.1038/npp.2010.71; published online 2 June 2010″
“Dengue is a common arthropod-borne flaviviral infection in the tropics, for which there is no vaccine or specific antiviral drug.

Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered as ISRCTN84767225.

Findings Primary outcome data were missing for four patients. For 196 patients for whom we had data at 3 months, the adjusted difference in mean Symptom Checklist-20 depression score, between those who received the intervention and those who did not, was 0 . 34 (95% CI 0 . 13-0.55).

This treatment effect was sustained at 6 and 12 months. The intervention also improved anxiety and fatigue but not pain or physical functioning. It cost an additional 5278 pound (U S $10 5 5 6) per quality-adjusted life-year gained.

Interpretation The intervention-Depression Care for People with Cancer-offers a model for OSI-744 order the management of major depressive disorder in patients with cancer and other medical disorders who are attending specialist medical services that is feasible, acceptable, and potentially cost effective.

Funding Cancer Research UK.”
“Sumoylation is a post-translational modification process that is supposed to be implicated in the pathogenesis of several

neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, the microtubule-associated protein Tau was identified as a target for sumoylation in the analysis of the transfected cells. We investigated the localization selleck products of SUMO-1 protein in APP transgenic mice and mutant Tau transgenic mice, and found that SUMO-1 immunoreactivity was co-localized with phosphorylated Tau aggregates in amyloid plaques of APP transgenic mice. By contrast, no SUMO-1 immunoreactivity was observed in phosphorylated Tau aggregates of mutant Tau transgenic mice. The contribution of sumoylation to the neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease will be further elucidated via the analysis of APP transgenics. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background in haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, male recipients of female grafts have an increased risk of graft-versus-host disease and female recipients have both an increased risk of rejection of male grafts and of specific T-cell and antibody reactivity against H-Y encoded gene products. By contrast, in kidney transplantation,

the role of H-Y as a minor histocompatibility antigen has been disputed. We aimed to investigate whether an immunological H-Y effect occurs in kidney aminophylline transplantation.

Methods We did a retrospective cohort study between 1985 and 2004 in 195 516 recipients of allografts from deceased donors. We used multivariate statistical methods to compare graft survival and death-censored graft survival rates for female and male donor kidneys in female and male recipients at 1 and 10 years.

Findings Graft loss was more common with kidneys from female donors than with those from male donors (p<0.001) after both 1 and 10 years. Female recipients had a lower rate of graft failure between the end of the first year and the end of the tenth year (p<0 . 001).

“
“The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike protein is known to mediate receptor interaction and immune recognition and thus it is considered as a major target for vaccine design. The spike protein plays an important role in virus entry, virus receptor interactions, and virus tropism. Sensitive diagnosis of SARS is essential for the BIX 1294 cell line control of the disease in humans. Recombinant SARS-CoV S1 antigen was produced and purified

for the development of monoclonal and bi-specific monoclonal antibodies. The hybridomas secreting anti-S1 antibodies, F26G18 and P136.8D12, were fused respectively with the YP4 hybridoma to generate quadromas. The sandwich ELISA

was formed by using F26G18 as a coating antibody and biotinylated F26G18 as a detection antibody www.selleckchem.com/products/AC-220.html with a detection limit of 0.037 mu g/ml (p < 0.02). The same detection limit was found with P136.8D12 as a coating antibody and biotinylated F26G18 as a detection antibody. The sensitivity was improved (detection limit of 0.019 mu g/ml), however, when using bi-specific monoclonal antibody (F157) as the detection antibody. In conclusion, the method described in this study allows sensitive detection of a recombinant SARS spike protein by sandwich ELISA with bi-specific monoclonal antibody and could be used for the diagnosis of patients suspected with SARS. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Recent evidence suggests that SOX9 [sex-determining region Y (SRY) box 9], a transcription factor, plays a pivotal role in acquired diseases, revealing its importance in roles beyond development. However, whether SOX9, which is one of the key regulators of retinal Muller cell development, also participates in the pathological process of retinal degenerative diseases remains unknown. In the present study, we hypothesized that SOX9 was upregulated in Muller cells in retinal degeneration. Retinal light damage (LD) was used as a model for retinal

degeneration. On day 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after LD in adult Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, the spatial distribution Oxaprozin of SOX9 in the retina was observed by immunohistochemistry; the expression levels of SOX9 were measured by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. Moreover, type 1 collagen (COL1) and cone-rod homeobox (CRX) protein levels, which are two downstream targets of SOX9, were also assessed by Western blot analysis. Colabeling for SOX9 and glutamine synthetase (GS), a specific Muller cell maker, indicated that SOX9 was expressed in the Muller cell nucleus in both control and LD groups. Significantly enhanced SOX9 expression was observed as early as day 3 after LD, and it persisted for at least 28 days. COL1 and CRX protein levels also increased after LD.

Epithelial adhesion of T lymphocytes is inhibited by a blocking monoclonal antibody that

recognizes EVA. T cell adhesion elicits calcium flux in choroid plexus epithelial cells that also can be blocked by an EVA-specific antibody. EVA-positive cell-cell contacts between epithelial and T cells are associated with increased complexity of cytoskeletal epithelial morphology. These results demonstrate that EVA SGC-CBP30 price is expressed in human choroid plexus epithelial cells and CD4 T lymphocytes and regulates CD4+ T lymphocyte adhesion to human choroid plexus epithelial cells in vitro. These data suggest a novel mechanism to regulate CNS immune surveillance. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“There are few studies on the long-term

associations of physical activity (PA) to cognition. Here, we examine the association of midlife PA to late-life cognitive function and dementia.

The sample consisted of a population-based cohort of men and women (born in 1907-1935) participating in the Age Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study. The interval between the midlife ascertainment of PA and late-life cognitive function was 26 years. Composite scores of speed of processing, memory, and executive function Torin 1 nmr were assessed with a battery of neuropsychological tests, and dementia was diagnosed according to international guidelines. There were 4,761 nondemented participants and 184 (3.7%) with a diagnosis of dementia, with complete data

for the analysis.

Among the participants, no midlife PA was reported by 68.8%, < 5 hours PA by 26.5%, and > 5 hours PA by 4.5%. Excluding participants with dementia compared with the no PA group, both PA groups had significantly faster speed of processing (< 5 hours, beta = .22; > 5 hours, beta = .32, p trend < .0001), better memory (< 5 hours, beta = .15; > 5 hours, beta = .18, p trend < .0001), and executive function (< 5 hours, beta = .09; > 5 hours, beta = .18, p trend < .0001), after controlling for demographic and cardiovascular factors. The < 5 hours PA group was significantly less likely to have dementia in late life (odds ratio: 0.6, 95% confidence interval: 0.40-0.88) after adjusting for confounders.

Midlife PA may contribute to maintenance of cognitive function and may reduce Thiamet G or delay the risk of late-life dementia.”
“Arterial pressure (AP) is known to fluctuate during parabolic-flight-induced gravitational changes in human subjects, increasing during hypergravity and decreasing during microgravity. In this study, we examined whether the vestibular system participates in the AP response to the gravitational changes induced by parabolic flight in human subjects. Eight subjects performed parabolic flights in a supine position as their AP was measured. Their vestibular inputs during the gravitational changes were reversibly masked by artificial electrical stimulation (galvanic vestibular stimulation, GVS).

Further, the area most consistently involved in chess did not show overlap with faces. Overall, these results suggest that expert visual processing may be similar at the level of recognition, but need not show the same neural correlates. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Rescue workers and residents exposed to the environment surrounding the collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) on September 11, 2001, have suffered

Aurora Kinase inhibitor a disproportionate incidence of chronic lung disease attributed to the inhalation of airborne dust. To date, the pathophysiology of this lung disease is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine whether airborne dust contaminants recovered from the surrounding area 24-48 h after the collapse of the WTC demonstrate direct cytotoxicity to two airway cell types that were NVP-AUY922 most directly exposed to inhaled dust, airway epithelial and smooth muscle cells. It was also of interest to determine whether the presence of these dusts could modulate the effects of cigarette smoke on these cell types in that some of the individuals who responded

to the collapse site were also smokers. Human cultured airway epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells were exposed to 10% cigarette smoke extract (CSE), WTC dust particles (10-53 m; 0.01-0.5 g/l), or a combination of the two for 2-24 h. Cell viability was measured by determining mitochondrial integrity (MTT assays) and apoptosis (poly-ADP-ribose polymerase [PARP] immunoblotting). Conditioned cell culture media recovered from the CSE- and/or WTC dust-exposed BEAS-2B cells were then applied to cultured human airway smooth muscle cells that were subsequently assayed for mitochondrial integrity

and PAK6 their ability to synthesize cyclic AMP (a regulator of airway smooth muscle constriction). BEAS-2B cells underwent necrotic cell death following exposure to WTC dust or CSE for 2-24 h without evidence of apoptosis. Smooth muscle cells demonstrated cellular toxicity and enhanced cyclic AMP synthesis following exposure to conditioned media from WTC- or CSE-exposed epithelial cells. These acute toxicity assays of WTC dust and CSE offer insights into lung cell toxicity that may contribute to the pathophysiology of chronic lung disease in workers and residents exposed to WTC dust. These studies clearly showed that WTC dust (at least the supercoarse particle fraction) or CSE alone exerted direct adverse effects on airway epithelial and smooth muscle cells, and altered the signaling properties of airway smooth muscle cells. In addition the combination of CSE and WTC exerted an interactive effect on cell toxicity. It remains to be determined whether these initial cell death events might account, in part, for the chronic lung effects associated with WTC dust exposure among First Responders and others.

(C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The hypothalamic neuropeptide, orexin-A has a number of regulatory effects in humans and pre-clinical evidence suggests a link to neuroendocrine

systems known to be pathophysiologically related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there are no reports of central nervous system (CNS) or peripheral orexin-A concentrations in patients with PTSD, or any anxiety disorder. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma levels www.selleckchem.com/products/cx-4945-silmitasertib.html of orexin-A were serially determined in patients with PTSD and healthy comparison subjects to characterize the relationships between orexin-A (in the CNS and peripheral circulation) and central indices of monoaminergic 3-MA manufacturer neurotransmission and to determine the degree to which CNS orexin-A concentrations reflect those in the circulating blood. CSF and plasma samples were

obtained serially over a 6-h period in 10 male combat veterans with chronic PTSD and 10 healthy male subjects through an indwelling subarachnoid catheter. Orexin-A concentrations were determined in plasma and CSF and CSF levels of the serotonin metabolite, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), and the dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA), were determined over the sampling period. CSF and plasma orexin-A concentrations were significantly lower in the patients with PTSD as compared with healthy comparison subjects at all time points. In addition, CSF orexin-A concentrations strongly and negatively correlated with PTSD severity as measured by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) in patients with PTSD. Peripheral

Verteporfin nmr and CNS concentrations of orexin-A were correlated in the healthy comparison subjects and peripheral orexin-A also correlated with CNS serotonergic tone. These findings suggest low central and peripheral orexin-A activity in patients with chronic PTSD are related to symptom severity and raise the possibility that orexin-A is part of the pathophysiological mechanisms of combat-related PTSD. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Coxsackievirus A1 (CVA1) belongs to human enterovirus species C within the family Picornaviridae, order Picornavirales. Two Chinese CVA1 isolates, HT-THLH02F/XJ/CHN/2011 and KS-ZPH01F/XJ/CHN/2011, were isolated from stool specimens of two healthy children in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region of China. They were found to elicit cytopathic effects in a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, and complete genome sequences of these two CVA1 isolates revealed that natural intertypic recombination events occurred between CVA1 and CVA22.”
“Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique that moderates cognitive and motor function. The effects of tDCS on cognitive and motor tasks vary among individuals. However, the source of the inter-individual variability remains unknown.

This was accompanied by a decreased influx of inflammatory dendritic cells (CD11b(+)/CD11c(+)) and increased numbers of IFN-gamma -producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells at day 8 after viral challenge. These findings suggest IWR-1 chemical structure that specific dietary oligosaccharides can influence trafficking and/or effector functions of innate immune, CD4(+), and CD8(+) T cell subsets in the lungs of RSV-infected mice. In our models, scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS

had no effect on weight but increased viral clearance in FI-RSV-vaccinated mice 8 days after infection. The increased systemic Th1 responses potentiated by scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS might contribute to an accelerated Th1/Th2 shift of the neonatal immune system, which might favor protective immunity against viral infections with a high attack rate in early infancy, such as RSV.”
“Background. Previous behavioural and neuroimaging studies of emotion processing in autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) have focused on the use of facial

selleck chemical stimuli. To date, however, no studies have examined emotion processing in autism across a broad range of social signals.

Method. This study addressed this issue by investigating emotion processing in a group of 23 adults with ASD and 23 age-and gender-matched controls. Recognition of basic emotions (‘happiness ‘, ‘sadness’, ‘anger’, disgust’ and ‘fear’) was assessed from facial, body movement and vocal stimuli. The ability to make social judgements (such as approachability) from facial stimuli was also investigated.

Results. Significant deficits in emotion recognition were found in the ASD group relative to the control group across all stimulus domains (faces, Org 27569 body movements and voices). These deficits were seen across a range of emotions. The ASD group were also impaired in making social judgements compared to the control group and this correlated with impairments in basic emotion recognition.

Conclusions. This study demonstrates that there are significant and broad-ranging deficits

in emotion processing in ASD present across a range of stimulus domains and in the auditory and visual modality; they cannot therefore be accounted for simply in terms of impairments in face processing or in the visual modality alone. These results identify a core deficit affecting the processing of a wide range of emotional information in ASD, which contributes to the impairments in social function seen in people with this condition.”
“This study analysed the equilibrium strategies and EMG activity during postural equilibrium in four different unstable surfaces. Thirteen team sport males were tested on a FLAT surface and on three different wobble boards (JAKOBS (R) with easy multidirectional displacements, FREEMAN with strong multidirectional displacements and LATERAL with unidirectional lateral displacements). They had to maintain single-limb stance during 5s for each condition.

Overexpression of RKIP mimics NO in tumor cells-induced sensitization to apoptosis. The induction of RKIP by NO was the result of the inhibition of the RKIP repressor, Snail, downstream of NF-kappa B. These findings established the presence of a dysregulated NF-kappa B/Snail/YY1/ RKIP circuitry in resistance and that treatment with NO modifies this loop in tumor cells in favor of the inhibition of tumor cell survival and the response to cytotoxic drugs. Noteworthy, the NF-kappa B/Snail/YY1/RKIP loop consists of gene products that regulate the

epithelial to mesenchymal Selleckchem INCB28060 transition (EMT) and, thus, tumor metastasis. Hence, we have found that treatment of metastatic cancer cell lines with DETANONOate inhibited the EMT phenotype, through both the inhibition of the metastasis-inducers, NF-kappa B and Snail and the induction of the metastasis-suppressor, Selleck GSK2245840 RKIP. Altogether, the above findings establish, for the first time, the dual role of high levels of NO in the sensitization of tumor cells to apoptotic stimuli as well as inhibition

of EMT. Hence, NO donors may be considered as novel potential therapeutic agents with dual roles in the treatment of patients with refractory cancer and in the prevention of the initiation of the metastatic cascade via EMT. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the angiographic results of the radial artery as a coronary bypass conduit at long term (>5 years).

Methods: Radial artery grafts were controlled in 202 patients at 10.1 years by conventional angiography Methane monooxygenase (n = 79) and computed tomography (n = 123). Clinical or paraclinical evidence of ischemia was noted in 81 patients, whereas

121 patients were asymptomatic. Some 520 conduits were controlled: radial artery (n = 230), left internal thoracic artery (n = 190), right internal thoracic artery (n = 30), and veins (n = 70). Radial arteries were anastomosed to the right coronary (24%), marginal (58%), diagonal (16%), and left anterior descending (<1%) arteries, whereas left internal thoracic arteries were primarily anastomosed to the left anterior descending artery (95%). The mean number of antithrombotic and anti-anginal medications was 1.2 and 1.9 per patient, respectively.

Results: The ejection fraction was slightly decreased compared with its preoperative value (54% +/- 11% vs 57% +/- 9%; P = .009). Nine reoperations were required at 10.5 years for valve replacement (n = and isolated bypass (n = 1). Percutaneous intervention was performed in 48 patients (24%) at 7.6 years on a graft (28%) or a native coronary artery (72%). The 10-year patency of radial artery grafts was 83%, which was lower than the patency of left internal thoracic arteries (95%, P < .001) and similar to the patency of right internal thoracic arteries (87%, P = .66) and veins (81%, P = .50).

The isolates were compared with a library of 206 different reference Leptospira serovars. All the isolates gave clear profiles with high resolution. PFGE and MAT results were in agreement for all clinical isolates evaluated. Twelve isolates were classified as serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae/Copenhageni

by PFGE. By MAT, these isolates were classified as serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae with titres ranging from 3200 to 25 600. Two isolates were classified as serovar Canicola by PFGE, and as serogroup Canicola by MAT with titres higher than 3200.

PFGE offers the advantages of simple, reliable and reproducible results.

PFGE provides a convenient tool for the identification of clinical isolates.”
“Regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis is influenced by circadian rhythm, affected by the manipulation of Dorsomorphin sleep, and is disturbed in animal

models of affective disorders. These observations LXH254 ic50 and the link between dysregulation of the circadian production of melatonin and neuropsychiatric disorders prompted us to investigate the potential role of melatonin in controlling adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In vitro, melatonin increased the number of new neurons derived from adult hippocampal neural precursor cells in vitro by promoting cell survival. This effect was partially dependent on the activation of melatonin receptors as it could be blocked by the application of receptor antagonist luzindole. There was no effect of melatonin on cell proliferation. Similarly, in the dentate gyrus of adult C57BL/6 mice in vivo, exogenous melatonin (8 mg/kg) also increased the survival of neuronal progenitor cells and post-mitotic immature neurons. Melatonin did not affect precursor cell proliferation in vivo and also did not influence neuronal and glial cell maturation. Moreover, melatonin Aurora Kinase showed antidepressant-like effects in the Porsolt forced swim test. These results indicate that melatonin through its receptor can modulate the survival of newborn neurons in the adult hippocampus,

making it the first known exogenously applicable substance with such specificity Neuropsychopharmacology (2009) 34, 2180-2191; doi:10.1038/npp.2009.46; published online 6 May 2009″
“This study sought to determine the most effective protocol for the detection of Campylobacter spp. in retail packs of fresh, raw chicken based on ISO 10272-1:2006.

Three sample preparation protocols were studied; two based on excision and one combining excision with a rinse of the remaining sample. Enrichment cultures were incubated both in closed bottles and microaerobically, and sub-cultured at 24 and 48 h. Packs of chicken (110) were analysed and only two yielded no Campylobacter spp. Subculturing enrichment broths at 24 h gave the same prevalence as at 48 h, P > 0.4 but microaerobic incubation yielded approximately 50% more positive samples than did incubation in closed bottles. Sampling based on excision plus rinsing gave the highest Campylobacter prevalence (92.7%).

“
“An illusion of rapid movement is normally perceived when an attentional cue (such as a peripheral flash) preceeds the onset of a line. The movement is perceived as receding away from the cue. This study investigated how this illusion was perceived by people with schizophrenia. Nineteen participants with schizophrenia and 26 healthy matched controls were presented with a series of real, illusory,

no motion or combined real and illusory motion stimuli at various target speeds. Detection thresholds were measured to determine the reliability of motion perception. The participants with schizophrenia were not distinguished from the control group in the perception of real motion. However, the motion detection curves for the selleck kinase inhibitor schizophrenia group revealed a reduction in the perceptual effect of illusory motion in comparison

to controls. The findings revealed that people with schizophrenia may be less easily deceived by illusory motion in comparison to healthy participants. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Since its initial identification in Mexico and the United States, concerns have been raised that the novel H1N1 influenza virus might cause a pandemic of severity comparable to that of the 1918 pandemic. In late April 2009, viruses phylogenetically related to pandemic H1N1 influenza virus were isolated from an selleck chemicals llc outbreak on a Canadian pig farm. This outbreak also had epidemiological links to a suspected human case. Experimental infections carried out in pigs using one of the swine isolates from this outbreak and the human isolate A/Mexico/InDRE4487/2009 showed differences in virus recovery from the lower respiratory tract. Virus was consistently isolated from Orotic acid the lungs of pigs infected with A/Mexico/InDRE4487/2009,

while only one pig infected with A/swine/Alberta/OTH-33-8/2008 yielded live virus from the lung, despite comparable amounts of viral RNA and antigen in both groups of pigs. Clinical disease resembled other influenza virus infections in swine, albeit with somewhat prolonged virus antigen detection and delayed viral-RNA clearance from the lungs. There was also a noteworthy amount of genotypic variability among the viruses isolated from the pigs on the farm. This, along with the somewhat irregular pathobiological characteristics observed in experimentally infected animals, suggests that although the virus may be of swine origin, significant viral evolution may still be ongoing.”
“A growing body of literature demonstrates impaired multisensory integration (MSI) in patients with schizophrenia compared to non-psychiatric individuals. One of the most basic measures of MSI is intersensory facilitation of reaction times (RTs), in which bimodal targets, with cues from two sensory modalities, are detected faster than unimodal targets. This RT speeding is generally attributed to super-additive processing of multisensory targets.