The male-female ratio has decreased. In the recent group more patients were staged T1N0 and there was a strong decrease of the patients who were heavy drinkers.”
“Background: Little is known about the impact of postinjury depression after major trauma in adolescents. A prospective epidemiologic study was conducted to examine depression in injured adolescents. Specific objectives of this report are to identify risk factors for depression selleck chemical onset and the impact of depression on quality of life (QoL) outcomes.

Methods: Four hundred one trauma patients were enrolled in this study (age, 12-19 years; injury severity

score [ISS] >= 4). Depression diagnosis was based on the Children’s Depression Inventory. QoL outcomes were Fer-1 inhibitor measured using the Quality of Well-being Scale at 3-, 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month follow-up.

Results: Depression at discharge was diagnosed in 41% of 399 adolescent trauma survivors with complete Children’s Depression Inventory data. Multivariate logistic regression identified ISS, >3 body regions injured, low socioeconomic status, family members injured at the scene, and suicidal ideology or attempted suicide before injury as strong and independent predictors of depression risk. ISS and three or more body regions injured predicted depression risk. Patients with severe injury (ISS

>= 17) were twice more likely to have depressive symptoms than patients with moderate injury (ISS <17; odds ratio AZD2014 in vivo [OR] = 2.0; p < 0.01). Patients with three or more body regions injured were more likely to have depressive symptoms than patients with less than three body regions injured (OR = 2.1; p < 0.01). Adolescents from low socioeconomic status families were more likely to be depressed (OR

= 2.2; p < 0.05). Adolescent patients who witnessed family injured at the trauma event were also more likely to be depressed (OR = 2.4; p < 0.01). Patients who experienced suicidal ideology or attempted suicide preinjury were more likely to be depressed than adolescent patients who did not (OR = 2.87; p < 0.05). Quality of well-being scores were significantly and markedly lesser for patients with depression across the 24-month follow-up (3-18 months follow-up, p < 0.0001; 24 months: with depression = 0.738 vs. without depression = 0.784, p < 0.0001). Patients with depression were also significantly more likely to develop acute stress disorder and long-term posttraumatic stress disorder (OR = 1.8, p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Postinjury depression is a major and an important complication in seriously injured adolescents. Adolescent trauma survivors have high rates of predischarge depression. Depression severely impacts QoL outcomes and is associated with injury severity, injury event-related factors, social factors, acute stress disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Early recognition and treatment of DEPR in seriously injured adolescents will improve acute trauma care and long-term QoL outcomes.

5 months. The main causes Of death were cerebrospinal fluid dissemination as well Lis local recurrence.

Our modified BNCT protocol showed favorable results of patients with NDGB not only for those with good prognoses but also for those with poor prognoses.”
“Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia see more characterized by disorganized cardiac electrical activity. Defibrillation electrode placement has been shown to affect the amount of energy and number of shocks required to defibrillate. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between esophageal electric fields (EEFs) and atrial defibrillation thresholds (ADFTs) to determine the feasibility of using EEFs during a low-strength shock to predict patient-specific defibrillation electrode placements.

Methods: AF was induced and defibrillated according to a Bayesian four-shock protocol for 12-electrode placements in six pigs. EEFs were measured during each of the four shocks of the protocol and during a 1-J shock for each electrode placement. Squared EEFs (EEF2s) during all shocks were compared to the ADFTs using a linear regression.

Results: There was a negative relationship between EEF2s during the 1-J shocks and ADFTs, with median

R2 values of 0.863 and 0.840 for anterior-anterior (AA) and anterior-posterior (AP) electrode placements, respectively. There was a strong, positive relationship between applied energy and EEF2s, with median R2 values of at least 0.866 for all animals. The placement with the highest EEF2 resulted in the lowest ADFT for both AA and AP placements in four of six pigs. In the other two animals, FK228 cost this held for one electrode set but not both.

Conclusions: There was a strong negative relationship between EEF2s during 1-J shocks and ADFTs for both AA and AP electrode placements. These preliminary results suggest that using EEF2s to predict patient-specific electrode placements is feasible. (PACE 2012; 35: 335-340)”
“Atomistic

simulations are performed to study the structure and geometrical limit of nanoscale twins in NiTi shape memory alloys. We analyze compound twins as narrow as similar to 1 nm, involving a few atomic layers. Baf-A1 mw A novel nanotwinned structure is found, forming through the martensitic transformation of sublattices. We predict the temperatures of phase transformation, which are consistent with experimental measurements. The results provide an atomistic basis for further study of nanometer length scale effects on the martensitic phase transformation and shape memory behavior. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3621429]“
“Ionizing radiation OR) imposes risks to human health and the environment. IR at low doses and low (lose rates has the potency to initiate carcinogenesis. Genotoxic environmental agents such as IR trigger a cascade of signal transduction pathways for cellular protection.

It has been reported that in patients with DDD, the intervertebral discs adjacent to the diseased levels have a greater tendency to degenerate. Although altered biomechanics have been suggested to be the causative factors, CBL0137 Apoptosis inhibitor few data have been reported on the deformation characteristics of the adjacent discs in patients with DDD.

Methods. Ten symptomatic patients with discogenic low back pain between L4 and S1 and with healthy discs at the cephalic segments were involved. Eight healthy subjects recruited in our previous studies were used as a reference comparison. The in vivo kinematics of L3-L4 (the cephalic adjacent level to the degenerated discs) and L2-L3 (the level one above the adjacent

level) lumbar discs of both groups were obtained using a combined magnetic resonance imaging and dual fluoroscopic imaging technique at functional postures. Deformation characteristics, in terms of areas of minimal deformation (defined as less than 5%), deformations at the center of the discs, and maximum tensile and shear deformations, were compared between the two groups at the two disc levels.

Results. In the patients with DDD, there were significantly smaller areas of minimal disc deformation at L3-L4 and L2-L3 than the healthy subjects (18% compared GS-7977 cost with 45% of the total disc area, on average). Both L2-L3 and L3-L4 discs underwent larger tensile and shear

deformations in all postures than the healthy subjects. The maximum tensile deformations were higher by up to 23% (of the local disc height in standing) and the maximum shear deformations were higher by approximately 25% to 40% (of the local disc height in standing) compared with those of the healthy subjects.

Conclusion. Both the discs of the adjacent level and the level one above experienced higher tensile and shear Sirtuin inhibitor deformations during end ranges of lumbar motion in the patients with DDD before surgical treatments when compared with the healthy subjects. The larger disc deformations at the cephalic segments were otherwise not detectable using conventional magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Future studies should investigate the effect of surgical treatments,

such as fusion or disc replacement, on the biomechanics of the adjacent segments during end ranges of lumbar motion.”
“Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films were modified via the grafting of polyacrylamide (PAAM) onto the surface by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization and UV-initiated grafting. The surface composition and morphology of the modified PET films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the surface of the PET film was grafted by PAAM, with its own surface morphology different from that of PET. The properties of the modified PET films were studied by contact-angle, peeling force, penetrability, haze, and friction factor measurements.

The odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated. Then, 10

case-control studies were retrieved, with a total of 917 endometrial cancer patients and 1680 healthy controls. Meta-analysis results showed that the Pro allele and NCT-501 Pro carrier (Arg/Pro + Pro/Pro) of p53 codon 72 polymorphism were significantly related with endometrial cancer risk (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.10-1.41, P = 0.0005; OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.12-1.59, P = 0.001, respectively). In the subgroup analysis, based on ethnicity, studies were divided into Asian and Caucasian populations; the Pro allele and Pro carrier (Arg/Pro + Pro/Pro) of p53 codon 72 polymorphism were significantly related with endometrial cancer risk in Asian populations (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.19-1.66, P < 0.0001; OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.30-2.13, P < 0.0001, respectively), but not in Caucasian populations (both P > 0.05). We concluded that the Pro allele (Arg/Pro + Pro/Pro) of p53 codon 72 polymorphism is a potential risk factor for endometrial cancer.”
“The phase transition in cubic Lu2O3 has been investigated by angle dispersive x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering in a diamond anvil cell up to 46.8 GPa and 40.2 GPa, respectively. The diffraction data indicated that a phase transition from the cubic to a monoclinic

structure started at 12.7 GPa and completed at 18.2 GPa. This high pressure monoclinic phase is Salubrinal order stable up to at least 46.8 GPa and can be quenched to ambient conditions. This irreversible cubic to monoclinic structural transformation has also been confirmed by Raman scattering measurements. A third-order Birch-Murnaghan fit based on the observed pressure-volume data yields a zero pressure bulk modulus of B-0=214(6) GPa, its pressure derivative B’(0)=9(1) for the low-pressure cubic phase; and B-0=218(13) GPa, B’(0)=2.3(3) for the high pressure monoclinic phase, respectively. The mode Gruneisen parameters

of different Raman modes for both cubic and monoclinic phases have also been determined. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3499301]“
“In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of sea-island cotton (Gossypium barbadense), 237 commonly mapped SSR markers covering the cotton genome were used to genotype 56 sea-island cotton accessions. A total of 218 polymorphic primer pairs (94.75%) amplified NSC 66389 361 loci, with a mean of 1.66 loci. Polymorphism information content values of the SSR primers ranged from 0.035 to 0.862, with a mean of 0.320. The highest mean polymorphism information content value for the SSR motifs was from a compound motif (0.402), and for the chromosomes it was Chr10 (0.589); the highest ratio of polymorphic primers in Xinjiang accessions was from Chr21 (83.33%). Genetic diversity was high in Xinjiang accessions. AMOVA showed that variation was 8 and 92% among populations and within populations, respectively.

RESULTS The values obtained for anaerobic biodegradability and reduction of solids in the case of raw AGS were 44% and 32%, respectively. Thermal pre-treatment of AGS at 133 degrees C enhanced the anaerobic digester performance, in terms of solids reduction, by approximately 47%. The mixture of thermal pre-treated AGS with primary sludge provided better results for solids removal than in the case with only thermal pre-treated AGS. CONCLUSION Anaerobic digestion of AGS has a

similar performance as that reported for waste activated sludge, which indicates that the aggregation of the biomass into granules does not seem to limit the anaerobic process. (c) 2013 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Background: in this study, we sought to confirm which types of device-related infections impact bridge-to-transplant rates. We also aimed to determine the effect of device-related infections on post-transplant survival and post-transplant infection.

Methods: learn more We retrospectively reviewed paper and electronic medical records for 149 patients undergoing left ventricular assist P005091 molecular weight device (LVAD) implantation as a bridge

to transplantation at the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center between 2000 and 2006. The primary outcome measures were survival to transplantation, post-transplant infection and post-transplant survival.

Results: Patients with sepsis were less likely to be successfully bridged to cardiac transplantation (7 of 22 vs 103 of 127, 31.8% vs 81.1%, p = 0.01). However, if transplanted, their survival rates at 1 year were not decreased (6 of 7 vs 85 of 103, 85.7% vs 82.5%, p = 1.00). No other pre-transplant device-related infection affected post-transplant survival at 1 year (22 of 27 vs 69 of 83, 81.5%

vs 83.1%, P = 1.00). Pre-transplant drive-fine infections predicted post-transplant: infection in former drive-line or pocket sites MX69 in vitro (11 of 16 vs 14 of 94, 68.8% vs 14.9%, p = 0.01) and increased overall post-transplant hospital length of stay (16 vs 19 days, p = 0.04). They did not, however, affect post-transplant survival at I year (22 of 25 vs 69 of 85, 88% vs 81.2%, p = 0.56).

Conclusions: Although survival to transplantation was diminished in LVAD patients with sepsis, if successfully transplanted, post-transplant survival was unaffected. Patients with local device infections and signs of early sepsis may warrant evaluation for urgent transplantation. A pre-transplant drive-line infection was associated with post-transplant infection in either the former pocket or drive-line site, and increased overall length of stay, but it did not decrease post-transplant survival. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28:237-42. Copyright (C) 2009 by the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.”
“We present a review of coherence properties of interband and intraband optical transitions in self assembled InAs/GaAs quantun dots.

The urgent development of audiological services in other school health centers in the country, particularly those with good referral systems to Ministry of Health hospitals, is needed. Evidence-based

guidelines to identify, monitor, and manage otitis media with effusion (OME) in children in the primary healthcare setting and a strategy to prevent hearing loss are recommended. (C) selleckchem 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: To determine the economic impact of cost-saving alternatives on prescription drug costs for the North Carolina Medicaid medication therapy management (MTM) program and to assess the acceptance of recommendations made by pharmacists to prescribers and the implementation of accepted recommendations.

Design: Retrospective analysis.

Setting: 92 Kerr Drug pharmacies in North Carolina from August 1, 2006, check details to July 31, 2007.

Participants: 88 North Carolina Medicaid beneficiaries who received at least 12 prescriptions each month and who completed four quarterly medication reviews by a Kerr Drug pharmacist.

Intervention: Assessed recommendations made by Kerr Drug pharmacists.

Main

outcome measures: Rate of acceptance of pharmacist recommendations and overall economic impact of changing from brand-name medications to cost-saving alternatives.

Results: Acceptance rate of pharmacist recommendations ranged from 42% to 60%. The rate at which the pharmacists’ accepted recommendations were implemented at Kerr Drug pharmacy ranged from 62% to 86% across the four quarterly reviews. Overall economic impact resulted in an average cost savings of $107 per beneficiary to North Carolina Medicaid per year. Quarterly economic impact results revealed that the highest impact occurred during the first quarterly review at $63 per beneficiary.

Conclusion: Prescriber acceptance and pharmacy implementation of cost-savings alternatives provided an annual average cost savings of $9,444 to North Carolina Medicaid. After

pharmacist reimbursement, this savings totaled $2,724.”
“Objective: The aim of this study was to elucidate the involvement of mutations in three relatively common deafness genes AS1842856 Metabolism inhibitor in Mexican individuals with non-syndromic hearing loss.

Methods: We sequenced GJB2 for mutations, screened for two deletions involving GJB6, del(GJB6-D1351830) and del(GJB6-D1351854), and for the m.1555A>G mutation in the MTRNR1 gene in 76 (71 simplex and 5 multiplex) unrelated Mexican probands with prelingual non-syndromic hearing loss. Samples were obtained from the Department of Genetics at Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion in Mexico City.

Results: Eight previously reported pathogenic variants and two polymorphic variants in GJB2 were identified. The two screened GJB6 deletions and the m.1555A>G mutation were not detected. Eight cases (10.6%) were found to have bi-allelic mutations in GJB2 and six (7.9%) were found to have a monoallelic GJB2 mutation. Of the six monoallelic mutations, one (p.

We analyzed the association of 21 previously reported genetic variants associated with acute rejection (AR), in an effort to validate these associations in our kidney transplant population. All recipients (n = 585) received Ab induction, rapid discontinuation of prednisone, and calcineurin inhibitors with either mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus. Both univariate analysis

and logistic regression were used for determining the association between the genotypes and AR. Univariate analysis detected one significant single-nucleotide polymorphism (p = 0.03), rs1801133, within the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene associated with AR. Logistic regression analysis identified two variants associated with AR, the 32-bp deletion within chemokine Histone Methyltransf inhibitor (C-C motif) receptor 5 gene (rs333) and the p.222A/V variant (rs1801133) within the MTHFR gene. Although our analysis utilized a much larger cohort than

used in previous reports, we were only able to detect an association with two of these variants. The lack of validation for the other 19 variants may be due to the small effect size, or that, they are not associated with AR. These results stress the need for larger cohorts for both future studies as well as for validation studies.”
“Etiologic studies of acute febrile disease S3I-201 chemical structure were conducted in sites across South America, including Cusco and Iquitos, Peru. Patients’ clinical signs and symptoms were recorded, and acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples were obtained for serologic examination and virus isolation in Vero E6 and C6/36 cells. Virus isolated in Vero E6 cells was identified as encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) by electron

microscopy and by subsequent molecular diagnostic testing of samples from 2 febrile patients with nausea, headache, and dyspnea. The virus was recovered from acute-phase serum samples from both case-patients and identified with cardiovirus-specific reverse transcription-PCR and sequencing. Serum samples from case-patient 1 showed cardiovirus antibody by immunoglobulin M ELISA (acute phase <8, convalescent phase >1,024) and by neutralization assay (acute phase <10, convalescent phase >11,280). Serum samples from case-patient 2 did not contain antibodies detectable selleck products by either assay. Detection of virus in serum strongly supports a role for EMCV in human infection and febrile illness.”
“The influence of alcohol adsorption on the nano-asperity friction of silicon oxide surfaces under equilibrium conditions was studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM). In the intermediate regime of the relative partial pressure (P/P(sat)) of alcohol, the friction versus applied load (F-L) curve deviates from the expected DMT behavior, while the F-L curve in dry and near saturation vapor conditions follows the DMT contact mechanics.

A total of 36 healthy children were selected as a control. The influenza virus type-A and B antibody titers were measured using hemagglutinin inhibition before and after the vaccination.

Results: There were no significant differences in the percentage of vaccine recipients with an increase in the serum titers >= CA3 cost 4x after vaccination (H1N1, H3N2, and B strain) between the 2 groups (P = 0.49, P = 0.25, P = 0.56, respectively), demonstrating similar immunogenicity of the influenza vaccination between patients and control groups. There were no serious adverse effects related to the vaccine in either group.

Conclusions:

In the children with pediatric rheumatic diseases receiving immunosuppressive agents, influenza vaccination resulted in serum antibody titers similar to those in the controls without major adverse effects. Such

children receiving immunosuppressive therapy are a high-risk group for influenza virus infection, therefore vaccine should be given.”
“Anti-dengue see more virus immunoglobulin M kits were evaluated. Test sensitivities were 21%-99% and specificities were 77%-98% compared with reference ELISAs. False-positive results were found for patients with malaria or past dengue infections. Three ELISAs showing strong agreement with reference ELISAs will be included in the World Health Organization Bulk Procurement Scheme.”
“Owing to its rationale of targeting the drug to the site of action and minimizing systemic toxic effects of the drug, intra-articular drug delivery system has gained growing interests. In this study, emphasis was placed on intra-articular Lornoxicam -loaded PLGA microspheres (Lnxc-PLGA-MS) preparation and improving the targeting of lornoxicam (Lnxc) in knee joint. The microspheres were prepared by a process involving solid-in-oil-in-water(S/O/W)

emulsion, and evaluated for physicochemical properties. Joint cavity’s drug leakage into systemic circulation in rabbits was examined to define the drug stagnation. Meanwhile, drug retention in synovial fluid in rats was investigated buy Z-VAD-FMK to further validate the drug targeting. The microspheres were spherical as evidenced by the SEM photographs with mean size of 7.47 mu m, and encapsulation efficiency was observed 82.22% along with drug loading 12.17%. DSC revealed that the drug in the microspheres existed in the phase of uncrystallization. The formulated microspheres could prolong the drug release up to 32 days in vitro. Comparing with animals injected with lornoxicam solution, the plasma drug concentration decreased in rabbits and retention time increased in rats’ synovial fluid with intra-articular injections of microspheres, revealing good targeting efficiency.

The simulations reveal a marked asymmetry between the alpha and beta subunits. Using the

mutual information as correlation measure, we find that the beta subunits are substantially more strongly linked to the quaternary transition than the alpha subunits. In addition, the tertiary populations of the alpha and beta subunits differ substantially, with the beta subunits showing a tendency towards R, and the alpha subunits showing a tendency towards T. Based on the simulation results, we present a transition pathway for coupled quaternary and tertiary transitions between the R and T conformations click here of Hb.”
“Ehrlichia are small obligately intracellular bacteria in the order Rickettsiales that are transmitted by ticks and associated with emerging life-threatening human zoonoses. Vaccines are not available for human ehrlichiosis, and therapeutic options are limited to a single antibiotic class. New technologies for exploring host-pathogen interactions have yielded recent advances in understanding the molecular interactions between Ehrlichia and the eukaryotic host cell and identified new targets Proteasome inhibitor for therapeutic and vaccine development, including those that target pathogen virulence mechanisms or disrupt the processes associated with ehrlichial effector proteins. Animal models have also provided insight into immunopathological mechanisms that contribute significantly to understanding severe disease

manifestations, which should lead to the development of immunomodulatory approaches for treating patients nearing or experiencing severe disease states. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of molecular

and cellular pathobiology and the immunobiology of Ehrlichia infection. We identify new molecular host-pathogen interactions that can be targets of new therapeutics, and discuss prospects for treating the immunological dysregulation during acute infection AZD5363 research buy that leads to life-threatening complications.”
“The effect of 0.5 mM cadmium (Cd) was studied on the ultrastructural aspects and pectin features of the walls of flax cellulosic fibres when the thickening of secondary wall had just started in the hypocotyl of 10-day old seedlings. As seen by PATAg staining in controls, cell-wall formation displayed two distinct steps, secretion and remodelling, which did not occur simultaneously for all the neighbouring fibres. The inner part of the secondary wall, where the cellulose molecules had just been synthesized, appeared very reactive to PATAg. The outer part, where the cellulose fibrils associated in larger microfibril complexes, became non-reactive to PATAg. Under Cd treatment, we noticed some acceleration of fibre differentiation in terms of fibre number, wall thickness and yield. As revealed by PATAg staining, treated fibres exhibited a disturbed cell-wall texture, indicating a modified adhesion between the matrix polysaccharides and the cellulose microfibrils.

Longitudinal follow-up showed no change for MMP-2 (p = 0.37), but a tendency for PAI-1 to increase with the duration of PD (p < 0.001). In rats, a significant relationship was present between the extent of peritoneal fibrosis

and the appearance rate of MMP-2 (r = 0.64, p = 0.03).

Conclusions: The foregoing data illustrate the potential of effluent MMP-2 and PAI-1 as biomarkers of peritoneal modifications, especially fibrosis; however, the components of peritoneal transport and local production should be clearly distinguished in every patient.”
“The institutional review board approved this HIPAA-compliant study and waived informed consent. The purpose was to investigate nonenhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiography Cl-amidine with steady-state free precession (SSFP) with inversion recovery for assessing renal arteries in patients with renal transplants. Thirteen recipients of renal transplants underwent SSFP MR angiography before contrast material-enhanced MR angiography. Three stenoses (two mild, one severe) were identified at SSFP MR angiography in agreement with findings at contrast-enhanced MR angiography. There

was no significant difference in image quality between the two methods. Results suggest SSFP MR angiography permits image quality of renal transplant arteries and detection of arterial stenosis comparable with those at contrast-enhanced MR angiography.”
“Boron nitride (BN), talc, hydroxyapatite (HA), and zinc stearate (ZnSt) were investigated as nucleation agents (NA) for nonfossil-based poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)

(P3/4HB) plastics. www.selleckchem.com/products/YM155.html Nonisothermal crystallization behaviors of the P3/4HB/NA blends were examined by DSC. It revealed that BN is the most efficient nucleation agent to promote the crystallization rate, however, but not the crystallization degree. The lasting crystallization of P3/4HB was also removed. The nucleation effect was strengthened with increase of BN content up to 1% and then slackened deeply when further BN was added. Isothermal crystattization analysis revealed that the addition of nucleation agent BN does not alter the crystal growth mode of P3/4HB, with maintaining the Avrami parameter n value around 2.40. Talc did enhance the crystallization of P3/4HB with however milder crystal growth rate. HA and ZrSt did not promote, but depressed the crystallization of P3/4HB plastics. Crenigacestat Stem Cells & Wnt inhibitor (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 116: 1116-1123, 2010″
“P>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as signals in the responses of plants to stress. Arabidopsis Enhanced Disease Susceptibility1 (EDS1) regulates defense and cell death against biotrophic pathogens and controls cell death propagation in response to chloroplast-derived ROS. Arabidopsis Nudix hydrolase7 (nudt7) mutants are sensitized to photo-oxidative stress and display EDS1-dependent enhanced resistance, salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and initiation of cell death.